Chapter 4: Introduction to Plants

What Is A Plant?

-______organisms with ______and ______.

-Contain ______inside ______and

can make food.

-Can not ______.

-Made of ______cells with ______.

Adaptations to Land

-To move to land, plants had to develop adaptations to solve

the following problems:

*Prevent water loss—cell walls made of ______

help prevent water loss. Most land plants also have a

______covering called a ______on

their stems and leaves that also aids in preventing

water loss.

*Obtain water and nutrients from soil—plants evolved

______.

*Transport materials—______moves up and

______moves down.

*Support their own weight—cell walls and

______provide structure and

support. ______and ______then evolved.

*Reproduction—the most successful land plants

evolved ways to reproduce without water (______)

Origin of Plants

-Evolved from one-celled, plant-like ______in the

ocean (______)

*Fossil record is sketchy because most plants ______

before they ______.

*Oldest plant fossils are about ______.

They had no leaves and their stems grew underground.

Photosynthesis

-All plants make food through the process of photosynthesis.

*During photosynthesis, plants use ______

from ______to change carbon dioxide

and water into sugar and oxygen.

  1. Sunlight or “______” is made

of all of the colors of the rainbow

(______)

  1. Plants absorb most of these colors except

______. Green light is reflected by the

______known as ______.

  1. Other plant pigments reflect other colors and

are called ______. We

see them mostly in the ______, when plants

stop making chlorophyll.

-In photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make

______and ______from CO2 and H2O.

*Water enters through the ______of the plant.

*Carbon dioxide enters through tiny openings in the

leaves of the plant called ______.

*They travel to the ______, where they

are changed into a special sugar, called ______,

and oxygen.

*______is the plant’s food. It is broken down,

just like our food, to give the plant energy to grow,

develop, respond and reproduce.

*Most of the ______is released also through

the stomata of the leaves and used by other

______.

-The many chemical reactions of photosynthesis can be

summarized by this equation:

Classification of Plants

-The PlantKingdom is divided into ______divisions.

(not phyla)

*The first division includes ______.

Nonvascular plants have ______

(vascular tissue) for transporting food and water.

Therefore, they are all very ______and grow

in damp, shady places. They include:

  1. Division Bryophyta—______

______.

*The remaining eight divisions are all

______. Vascular plants have

vessels (vascular tissue) to transport ______

and materials and help support the plant. Therefore,

they can grow very ______and are better suited

to all ______habitats. Some reproduce using

______and some use ______. This

chapter will look at the three divisions of ______

vascular plants.

  1. Division Lycophyta—______
  2. Division Sphenophyta—______
  3. Division Pterophyta—______

Division Bryophyta

-______are the most common type of bryophyte.

*______different species

*All are simple, rootless plants with ______

growths in a spiral around a ______.

*Root-like threads called ______replace

true roots and hold the moss in place.

*Most range in size from ______in height.

- ______are simple, rootless plants that have a

flattened, leaf-like body. Their name means,

“______” and in the Middle Ages, people

believed this plant looked like one’s liver.

-______are small plants with flat, round

leaf-like structures. It’s sporophyte looks like an

______. They live near lakes and rivers.

Importance of Bryophytes

-Bryophytes such as mosses and liverworts are often called

______because they are the first to grow

in a new or disturbed area.

-Nonvascular plants like them were also probably the first

land plants to evolve ______.

-Many people use ______from ______in

agriculture and gardening.

Complex Life Cycle of Bryophytes

-Simple plants like mosses and other bryophytes have

complex life cycles that include two different stages:

the ______stage and the ______stage.

-A moss ______is the green leafy part of the

plant and the root-like rhizoids. There are separate ______

and ______gametophytes.

-The moss ______is made of a ______

and a ______. It grows from the zygote cell and

will produce new ______that will grow into new

______.

Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants

-Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails also reproduce using

______not ______. However, they have

______which means they can grow much

taller. There are three divisions of seedless vascular plants.

*Division Lycophyta—also known as ______

Produce spores in structures that look like tiny

______. Sometime called ground pine.

*Division Sphenophyta—also known as ______

Stems are jointed with a hollow center. They contain

______(a gritty substance found in ______).

They were used by ______to scour their

pots and pans.

*Division Pterophyta—includes all species of ______

Largest group of seedless vascular plants. Ancient

species were huge (______). Today, the

largest species are ______. These

ancient fern forests formed today’s ______. 1. Most ferns have underground stems in

addition to roots. The leaves, or ______,

grow above ground.

  1. Ferns and other seedless vascular plants also

reproduce using a ______and a

______generation.

Complex Life Cycle of Ferns

-The sporophyte is the fern leaf, or “______”. On

the underside of the frond are spore cases called

______. These release thousands of spores. A spore

grows into a ______gametophyte called a

______. It is held in place by root-like

structures called ______and has both

______and ______cells on it. They unite and a new

sporophyte begins to grow.

Wrap-up

-Both mosses and ferns rely on ______for

reproduction because the sperm cells must ______

to egg cells. Therefore, these plants live only in fairly

______areas. It wasn’t until plants evolved

______for reproduction that they truly became

successful in all land habitats.

-______vascular plants include all

other plants not discussed in this chapter. We will be

studying them next.