Chapter 4: Introduction to Plants
What Is A Plant?
-______organisms with ______and ______.
-Contain ______inside ______and
can make food.
-Can not ______.
-Made of ______cells with ______.
Adaptations to Land
-To move to land, plants had to develop adaptations to solve
the following problems:
*Prevent water loss—cell walls made of ______
help prevent water loss. Most land plants also have a
______covering called a ______on
their stems and leaves that also aids in preventing
water loss.
*Obtain water and nutrients from soil—plants evolved
______.
*Transport materials—______moves up and
______moves down.
*Support their own weight—cell walls and
______provide structure and
support. ______and ______then evolved.
*Reproduction—the most successful land plants
evolved ways to reproduce without water (______)
Origin of Plants
-Evolved from one-celled, plant-like ______in the
ocean (______)
*Fossil record is sketchy because most plants ______
before they ______.
*Oldest plant fossils are about ______.
They had no leaves and their stems grew underground.
Photosynthesis
-All plants make food through the process of photosynthesis.
*During photosynthesis, plants use ______
from ______to change carbon dioxide
and water into sugar and oxygen.
- Sunlight or “______” is made
of all of the colors of the rainbow
(______)
- Plants absorb most of these colors except
______. Green light is reflected by the
______known as ______.
- Other plant pigments reflect other colors and
are called ______. We
see them mostly in the ______, when plants
stop making chlorophyll.
-In photosynthesis, the energy in sunlight is used to make
______and ______from CO2 and H2O.
*Water enters through the ______of the plant.
*Carbon dioxide enters through tiny openings in the
leaves of the plant called ______.
*They travel to the ______, where they
are changed into a special sugar, called ______,
and oxygen.
*______is the plant’s food. It is broken down,
just like our food, to give the plant energy to grow,
develop, respond and reproduce.
*Most of the ______is released also through
the stomata of the leaves and used by other
______.
-The many chemical reactions of photosynthesis can be
summarized by this equation:
Classification of Plants
-The PlantKingdom is divided into ______divisions.
(not phyla)
*The first division includes ______.
Nonvascular plants have ______
(vascular tissue) for transporting food and water.
Therefore, they are all very ______and grow
in damp, shady places. They include:
- Division Bryophyta—______
______.
*The remaining eight divisions are all
______. Vascular plants have
vessels (vascular tissue) to transport ______
and materials and help support the plant. Therefore,
they can grow very ______and are better suited
to all ______habitats. Some reproduce using
______and some use ______. This
chapter will look at the three divisions of ______
vascular plants.
- Division Lycophyta—______
- Division Sphenophyta—______
- Division Pterophyta—______
Division Bryophyta
-______are the most common type of bryophyte.
*______different species
*All are simple, rootless plants with ______
growths in a spiral around a ______.
*Root-like threads called ______replace
true roots and hold the moss in place.
*Most range in size from ______in height.
- ______are simple, rootless plants that have a
flattened, leaf-like body. Their name means,
“______” and in the Middle Ages, people
believed this plant looked like one’s liver.
-______are small plants with flat, round
leaf-like structures. It’s sporophyte looks like an
______. They live near lakes and rivers.
Importance of Bryophytes
-Bryophytes such as mosses and liverworts are often called
______because they are the first to grow
in a new or disturbed area.
-Nonvascular plants like them were also probably the first
land plants to evolve ______.
-Many people use ______from ______in
agriculture and gardening.
Complex Life Cycle of Bryophytes
-Simple plants like mosses and other bryophytes have
complex life cycles that include two different stages:
the ______stage and the ______stage.
-A moss ______is the green leafy part of the
plant and the root-like rhizoids. There are separate ______
and ______gametophytes.
-The moss ______is made of a ______
and a ______. It grows from the zygote cell and
will produce new ______that will grow into new
______.
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
-Ferns, club mosses, and horsetails also reproduce using
______not ______. However, they have
______which means they can grow much
taller. There are three divisions of seedless vascular plants.
*Division Lycophyta—also known as ______
Produce spores in structures that look like tiny
______. Sometime called ground pine.
*Division Sphenophyta—also known as ______
Stems are jointed with a hollow center. They contain
______(a gritty substance found in ______).
They were used by ______to scour their
pots and pans.
*Division Pterophyta—includes all species of ______
Largest group of seedless vascular plants. Ancient
species were huge (______). Today, the
largest species are ______. These
ancient fern forests formed today’s ______. 1. Most ferns have underground stems in
addition to roots. The leaves, or ______,
grow above ground.
- Ferns and other seedless vascular plants also
reproduce using a ______and a
______generation.
Complex Life Cycle of Ferns
-The sporophyte is the fern leaf, or “______”. On
the underside of the frond are spore cases called
______. These release thousands of spores. A spore
grows into a ______gametophyte called a
______. It is held in place by root-like
structures called ______and has both
______and ______cells on it. They unite and a new
sporophyte begins to grow.
Wrap-up
-Both mosses and ferns rely on ______for
reproduction because the sperm cells must ______
to egg cells. Therefore, these plants live only in fairly
______areas. It wasn’t until plants evolved
______for reproduction that they truly became
successful in all land habitats.
-______vascular plants include all
other plants not discussed in this chapter. We will be
studying them next.