Chapter 4 BSCS Green Sections 4.7 – 4.12Name______

Date______Hour_____

  1. The ‘central’ element for life on Earth is:______.
  1. Name these 5 important elements to life: SPONCH
  1. Organic chemistry is build around the ability of carbon to bond ____times and form chain molecules and/or ______molecules.
  1. The four basic types of organic macromolecules present in life are:______
  1. How are large starch molecules made in a cell?______
  1. What type of macromolecule are enzymes?______
  1. What are the roles of nucleic acids?______
  1. Where do you get the molecules you need for life?______
  1. Name two single sugar molecules:______
  1. How is a double sugar formed in a cell?______
  1. Monosaccharides are :______
  1. Disaccharides are:______
  1. Polysaccharides are: ______
  1. Starches are used as:______
  1. Cellulose is a polysaccharide used by plants to:______
  1. What is glycogen?______
  1. What elements are present in lipids?______
  1. Lipids are formed in cells by joining _____ fatty acid molecules with ____ glycerol molecule.
  1. Three examples of lipids are:______
  1. A gram of fat (lipid) contains more than ______as much ______as a gram of carbohydrate.
  1. Protein molecules form cell ______, ______and ______tissue.
  1. Proteins are massive molecules (thousands of covalently bonded atoms) made up of sub-units called ______.
  1. There are ______different amino acids that are used to make the proteins of life.
  1. Green plants can ______(produce) their own amino acids but animals need to get their essential amino acids by ______them.
  1. A ______is formed when two amino acids are linked together.

Diagram glyclyalanine here:

  1. A polypeptide is a long chain of ______linked together in a specific order.
  1. How many amino acids are linked together in the polypeptide illustrated in 4.18 (b)?______
  1. Polypeptide chains are coiled and folded into complex ______shapes. The shape of a protein is very critical to its ______.
  1. The thousands of different enzymes control and direct thousands of different life sustaining ______in all the different species.
  1. Enzymes promote (catalyze) the chemical reactions in living cells BUT they are not ______during the reactions.
  1. Why are only small amounts of enzyme needed by cells?
  1. Draw Figure 4.20 (a) below and label its parts.
  1. Different enzymes are catalysts for either ______or ______reactions.
  1. In a synthesis reaction the enzyme ______together two smaller molecules and forms one larger molecule.
  1. In decomposition (or digestion) reactions the enzyme reacts with the ______molecules and splits it into ______or more smaller molecules.

36. Lactose is the double sugar (disaccharide) present in milk. If a person inherits the DNA instructions to make the enzyme lactase they are able to digest lactose. If a person does not have the correct DNA instruction they are lactose intolerant. The products of this reaction are glucose and galactose – two simple sugars. Using the decomposition reaction in figure 4.21 as an example, draw and illustrate the digestion of a lactose sugar molecule. Color and label each molecule based upon the reading above.

  1. What two abiotic factors in a cell can affect the rate at which enzymes perform their specific reactions?______and ______
  1. If you run a high fever for an extended period of time, what effect does it have on your enzymes?

38. DNA is ______. It is the chemical of ______. It controls all of the cell’s activities and determines its ______.

  1. RNA is ______. RNA works under the direction of DNA and it is required by a cell to manufacture its ______molecules.
  1. DNA and RNA are made up of smaller molecules (sub-units) called ______.
  1. The coding of DNA and RNA is slightly different. The 5 carbon sugars are different and the nitrogen bases are different. All of the beautiful varieties of life are coded by sequences of these nitrogen bases in the beautiful coiled ______helix of DNA. So DNA is really ‘kool’.