Chapter 37 - Immunity
Multiple Choice1.A newly developed vaccine can prevent cancer caused by _____.
a. / AIDS
b. / polio
c. / measles
d. / HIV
e. / HPV
ANSWER: / e
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.1 Frankie's Last Wish
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.1 - Discuss the harmful effects of HPV infection.
2.Innate immune mechanisms _____.
a. / are fast acting
b. / take about a week to 10 days to come into full effect
c. / are very specific for their targets
d. / are tailored to only a few specific pathogens
e. / are produced by genetic recombinations
ANSWER: / a
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.2 Integrated Responses to Threats
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.
3.What is immunity?
a. / an organism’s capacity to resist infection only
b. / an organism’s capacity to both resist and combat infection
c. / a pathogen
d. / an organism’s capacity to combat infection only
e. / a set of genetic instructions
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.2 Integrated Responses to Threats
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
4.Which statement is true of carbon monoxide?
a. / It is a waste product of photosynthesis.
b. / It is always present when organic material burns.
c. / It is harmless.
d. / It has a strong odor.
e. / It is a greenhouse gas.
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.1 Carbon Monoxide-A Stealthy Poison
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.
5.Carbon monoxide ____.
a. / traps heat in the atmosphere
b. / is an atmospheric pollutant
c. / causes acid rain
d. / interferes with the nervous system
e. / binds to a hemoglobin molecule and interferes with oxygen uptake
ANSWER: / e
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.1 Carbon Monoxide-A Stealthy Poison
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.
6.Respiration in the human body relies on ____.
a. / exocytosis and endocytosis
b. / facilitated diffusion
c. / osmosis
d. / simple diffusion
e. / active transport
ANSWER: / d
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.2 The Nature of Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.
7.The term “respiration” in animals refers to the ____.
a. / movement of oxygen into an animal only
b. / movement of carbon dioxide out of an animal only
c. / movement of oxygen into an animal and the movement of carbon dioxide out of the animal
d. / binding of oxygen to hemoglobin molecules in the blood
e. / diffusion of oxygen across a cell membrane
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.2 The Nature of Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.
8.Which of the following is true regarding hemoglobin?
a. / It is a lipid.
b. / It contains iron.
c. / It raises the concentration of oxygen in the blood.
d. / It is present in all vertebrates and invertebrates.
e. / It is identical to hemocyanin.
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.2 The Nature of Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.
9.Integumentary exchange of gases implies that the animal ____.
a. / has a shell
b. / has a tracheal system
c. / lives in a moist location
d. / has a siphon
e. / lives in an arid location
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.3 Invertebrate Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.
10.The accompanying figure illustrates a ____.
a. / book lung
b. / tracheal system
c. / set of gills
d. / lung micrograph
e. / circulatory system
ANSWER: / a
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.3 Invertebrate Respiration
PREFACENAME: / Figure
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.
11.Which of the following is true regarding some insect tracheal systems?
a. / They are associated with the blood circulatory system.
b. / They excrete body wastes as well as transport gases.
c. / Their spiracles can become clogged by spraying them with oil.
d. / The tracheal tubes are continually open in large terrestrial insects.
e. / They contain respiratory pigments to enhance oxygen transport.
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.3 Invertebrate Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.
12.Water flowing back and forth across the gills of fish is known as _____.
a. / capillary movement
b. / counter current exchange
c. / deoxygenation
d. / pharyngeal movement
e. / gill slits
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.4 Vertebrate Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
Figure 38.9
The following two questions refer to the figure above showing a fish gill filament.
13.The most oxygenated blood is indicated by the letter ____.
a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D
e. / E
ANSWER: / d
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.4 Vertebrate Respiration
PREFACENAME: / Figure 38.9
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
14.The least oxygenated blood is indicated by the letter ____.
a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D
e. / E
ANSWER: / e
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.4 Vertebrate Respiration
PREFACENAME: / Figure 38.9
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
15.Paired lungs are characteristic of ____.
a. / spiders
b. / all birds
c. / all fishes
d. / all amphibian life stages
e. / all insects
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.4 Vertebrate Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
Figure 37.10A
The following two questions refer to the antibody structure figure above.
16.The variable region of a light chain is indicated by ____.
a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D
e. / E
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.6 Antigen Receptors
PREFACENAME: / Figure 37.10A
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
17.What is characteristic of adult frogs?
a. / gills
b. / sucking air into their lungs
c. / countercurrent exchange
d. / pushing air into their lungs
e. / drawing water by inhalation across their gills
ANSWER: / d
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.4 Vertebrate Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
18.Air is continuously forced through tubes that thread through vascularized tissue in a pair of inelastic lungs in _____.
a. / some fish
b. / amphibians
c. / birds
d. / reptiles
e. / some small mammals
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.4 Vertebrate Respiration
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
19.What is the correct sequence of air flow in mammals?
a. / nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea
b. / nasal cavities, pharynx, bronchi, larynx, trachea
c. / nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
d. / nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
e. / nasal cavities, bronchi, larynx, trachea, pharynx
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.5 Human Respiratory System
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
20.The “Adam’s apple” is located in the ____.
a. / Glottis
b. / Pharynx
c. / Trachea
d. / Larynx
e. / Bronchus
ANSWER: / d
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.5 Human Respiratory System
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
Figure 37.13
Use the figure above depicting antigen processing to answer the following two questions.
21.The letter "B" from the accompanying figure represents ____.
a. / complement
b. / MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell
c. / lysosome with MHC molecule
d. / plasma membranes fusing
e. / MHC recycling
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.7 Overview of Adaptive Immunity
PREFACENAME: / Figure 37.13
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.10 - Examine the four important characteristics of adaptive immunity.
22.The letter "F" in the accompanying figure represents ____.
a. / complement
b. / MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell
c. / lysosome fusing with a phagosome
d. / plasma membranes fusing
e. / MHC recycling
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.7 Overview of Adaptive Immunity
PREFACENAME: / Figure 37.13
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.10 - Examine the four important characteristics of adaptive immunity.
23.The human voice is generated by air moving through the _____.
a. / pharynx
b. / glottis
c. / epiglottis
d. / pleura
e. / trachea
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.5 Human Respiratory System
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
24.The glottis is ____ when swallowing and ____ when speaking.
a. / closed; open
b. / open; closed
c. / rigid; relaxed
d. / relaxed; rigid
e. / vibrating; closed
ANSWER: / a
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.5 Human Respiratory System
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
25.Branches of a bronchus are known as ____.
a. / larynx
b. / bronchi
c. / bronchioles
d. / trachea
e. / pharynx
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.5 Human Respiratory System
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
26.The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the human lungs in the ____.
a. / bronchi
b. / alveoli
c. / bronchioles
d. / trachea
e. / glottis
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.5 Human Respiratory System
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
Figure 38.16
The following three questions refer to the figure above.
27.Residual air volume is indicated by the letter ____.
a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D
e. / E
ANSWER: / e
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: / 38.6 How We Breathe
PREFACENAME: / Figure 38.16
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.
28.Total lung capacity is indicated by ____.
a. / A + B
b. / B + C
c. / C + E
d. / D + E
e. / E + A
ANSWER: / c
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: / 38.6 How We Breathe
PREFACENAME: / Figure 38.16
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.
29.Forced inhalation is indicated by ____.
a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D
e. / E
ANSWER: / a
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: / 38.6 How We Breathe
PREFACENAME: / Figure 38.16
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.
30.Contraction of the diaphragm ____.
a. / diminishes the volume of the thoracic cavity
b. / increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
c. / pushes the rib cage downward
d. / causes external intercostal muscles to relax
e. / decreases lung capacity
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.6 How We Breathe
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.
31.Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream ____.
a. / because the concentration of oxygen is greater in alveoli than in the blood
b. / mainly due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells
c. / against a concentration gradient
d. / to equal the concentration of CO2 in the blood
e. / by active transport
ANSWER: / a
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 38.7 Gas Exchange and Transport
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.
32.Oxyhemoglobin contains _____.
a. / oxygen bound irreversibly to a heme group
b. / carbon dioxide
c. / carbonic anhydrase
d. / bound oxygen in the absence of a heme group
e. / oxygen bound reversibly to a heme group
ANSWER: / e
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.7 Gas Exchange and Transport
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.
Figure 38.21
Use the figure above to answer the following question.
33.What is the partial pressure of oxygen at the start of the systemic capillary beds?
a. / 40 mm Hg
b. / 100 mm Hg
c. / 70 mm Hg
d. / 104 mm Hg
e. / 130 mm Hg
ANSWER: / b
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.7 Gas Exchange and Transport
PREFACENAME: / Figure 38.21
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.
34.Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs ____.
a. / in gaseous form
b. / in the lymph system
c. / as carbaminohemoglobin
d. / in the form of bicarbonate
e. / as carbonic acid
ANSWER: / d
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 38.7 Gas Exchange and Transport
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.10 - Examine how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in blood.
Matching
Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a. / cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b. / cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c. / lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d. / able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e. / cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f. / able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g. / a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h. / "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i. / immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j. / a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k. / surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l. / proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m. / preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n. / one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.12 Vaccines
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.16 - Explain how vaccines can be used in the process of immunization.
35.antigens
ANSWER: / k
36.B lymphocytes
ANSWER: / e
37.perforin
ANSWER: / l
38.clone
ANSWER: / j
39.complement proteins
ANSWER: / d
40.cytotoxic T lymphocytes
ANSWER: / b
41.interleukins
ANSWER: / g
42.macrophages
ANSWER: / h
43.memory cells
ANSWER: / c
44.B cells
ANSWER: / a
45.retroviruses
ANSWER: / n
46.stem cells
ANSWER: / i
47.natural killer cells
ANSWER: / f
48.vaccine
ANSWER: / m
Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.
a. / macrophages
b. / helper T cells
c. / B cells
d. / cytotoxic T cells
e. / natural killer cells
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.2 Integrated Responses to Threats
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
49.These cells kill tumor cells but are not B or T lymphocytes.
ANSWER: / e
50.These cells scavenge dead cells and attack bacteria directly.
ANSWER: / a
51.These cells destroy cells infected by viruses.
ANSWER: / d
52.These cells recognize cell surface antigens and initiate the proliferation of lymphocytes.
ANSWER: / b
53.Antibody production occurs in these cells.
ANSWER: / c
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below. Answers may be used more than once or not at all.
a. / antigens
b. / antibodies
c. / helper T cells
d. / cytotoxic T cells
e. / effector B cells
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.2 Integrated Responses to Threats
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.7 - Examine the structure and functioning of respiratory systems of fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
54.These bind, as in a lock-and-key mechanism, to foreign proteins.
ANSWER: / b
55.These produce immunoglobulins in response to the reinvasion by a virus.
ANSWER: / e
56.These directly attack the foreign cells of an incompatible skin graft.
ANSWER: / d
57.An Rh+ molecule in the body of an Rh woman is an example of these.
ANSWER: / a
58.Proteins produced by these attack bacteria and viruses in the blood.
ANSWER: / e
Objective Short Answer
59.An antigen-bearing pathogen that breaches normal flora surface barriers triggers ______immunity.
ANSWER: / innate
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.3 Surface Barriers
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.
60.______immunity specifically targets billions of different antigens.
ANSWER: / Adaptive
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.7 Overview of Adaptive Immunity
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.2 - Describe the respiration process.
61.Inflammation begins when mast cells in tissue release ______, which increases blood flow and also makes capillaries leaky to phagocytes and plasma proteins.
ANSWER: / histamine
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.5 Inflammation and Fever
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.7 - Outline the processes that cause fever and inflammation.
62.______fights infection by increasing the metabolic rate.
ANSWER: / Fever
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.5 Inflammation and Fever
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.7 - Outline the processes that cause fever and inflammation.
63.Antigen receptors give ______the collective potential to recognize billions of different antigens.
ANSWER: / lymphocytes
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.6 Antigen Receptors
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
64.Some clones of the original immune cells are ______cells, long-lived B and T cells reserved for future encounters with the antigen.
ANSWER: / memory
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.7 Overview of Adaptive Immunity
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.10 - Examine the four important characteristics of adaptive immunity.
65.______are proteins, Y-shaped antigen receptors made only by ______cells.
ANSWER: / Antibodies; B
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 37.7 Overview of Adaptive Immunity
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.6 - Examine how the complement responds when an antigen is detected inside the body.
66.Ig stands for ______.
ANSWER: / immunoglobulin
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.7 Overview of Adaptive Immunity
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.8 - Describe the structure and functions of each of the components of the human respiratory system.
67.______relieve allergy symptoms by dampening the effects of histamines.
ANSWER: / Antihistamines
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 37.10 When Immunity Goes Wrong
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.9 - Outline the process of the respiratory cycle.
68.______refers to processes designed to induce immunity.
ANSWER: / Immunization
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Understand
REFERENCES: / 37.12 Vaccines
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.16 - Explain how vaccines can be used in the process of immunization.
69.______is the only disease to have been eradicated from causing natural infections.
ANSWER: / Smallpox
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Remember
REFERENCES: / 37.12 Vaccines
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.16 - Explain how vaccines can be used in the process of immunization.
Subjective Short Answer
70.Why is it beneficial to urinate after sexual activity?
ANSWER: / During sexual activity, microorganisms and/or substances that can feed microorganisms can end up in the urinary tract. By urinating, both the mechanical action of the flow and the low pH of the urine itself can clean the urinary tract and reduce the risk of infection.
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: / 37.3 Surface Barriers
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.38.5 - Describe the process of respiration in invertebrates living on land.
71.An individual is exposed to a pathogen and takes five days to recover. When exposed a year later they again take five days to recover. Would you suspect that adaptive immunity was involved? Why or why not?
ANSWER: / No, in cases where adaptive immunity is involved the recovery to the second exposure would be much quicker. It is likely that innate immune responses were involved.
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: / 37.7 Overview of Adaptive Immunity
LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: / UDOL.STES.16.37.10 - Examine the four important characteristics of adaptive immunity.
72.Why is the destruction of helper T cells caused by HIV infection so crippling to adaptive immunity?
ANSWER: / During an adaptive immune response, helper T cells are responsible for activating both the cell-mediated (T) and antibody-mediated (B) elements of adaptive immunity. In their absence, the ability of the body to initiate any adaptive response is greatly reduced.
DIFFICULTY: / Bloom's: Analyze
REFERENCES: / 37.11 HIV and AIDS