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Chapter 26: The Civil Rights Era 1945-1975

Chapter Preview –The long struggle of African Americans to win their full rights as citizens grew stronger after World War II. Under the leadership of such people as Martin Luther King, Jr., the civil rights movement changed American society. At the same time, other Americans also began to demand greater protections under the law.

Section 1: Beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement, Pages 874-879

The Case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka and the Montgomery bus boycott were two early milestones in the civil rights movement.

  1. reinforce – to strengthen; to make more effective
  2. persist – to continue in the face of opposition or difficulty; refusing to give up
  3. Thurgood Marshall – An American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
  4. integration – an end to segregation; Combining races in public places
  5. Jackie Robinson – The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. He was first black baseball player to play in the major leagues. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers and broke the color barrier in baseball and made way for other changes for equality.
  6. Rosa Parks – United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
  7. boycott – A refusal to buy or use goods and services
  8. Martin Luther King, Jr. – U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Section 2: An Expanding Role in Government, Pages 881-885

The activism of the Warren Court and the reforms of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson expanded the role of the federal government.

  1. domestic – relating to matters within one’s own country, rather than to foreign affairs
  2. function – purpose; proper use
  3. Earl Warren – Appointed by Eisenhower as Supreme Court justice and played an important role in the court's stance on the advancement of civil rights. He presided over the Brown V. Board of Education case.
  4. Lyndon Johnson – U.S president after Kennedy's assassination who increased U.S involvement in the Vietnam War in an effort to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. He signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965.

Created economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. He also created a department of housing and urban development. His most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid.U.S president after Kennedy's assassination who increased U.S involvement in the Vietnam War in an effort to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam

He signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965.

He created economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. He also created a department of housing and urban development. His most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid.

  1. welfare – system in which government agencies make cash payments to the poor

Section 3: The Civil Rights Movement Continues, Pages 886-892

During the 1960s, the civil rights movement won major victories but also fragmented into moderate and radical factions.

  1. transform – to change the form, appearance, or nature of something
  2. restore – to bring back to a normal state
  3. civil disobedience – the peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws
  4. sit-in – a form of protest in which people sit and refuse to leave
  5. James Meredith – An African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi by a federal court order. When he arrived on campus, riots broke out and two people were killed. President Kennedy sent in federal troops to restore order so that Meredith could register for classes.
  6. Malcom X –activist and outspoken public voice of the Black Muslim faith, challenged the mainstream civil rights movement and the nonviolent pursuit of integration championed by Martin Luther King Jr.
  7. Stokely Carmichael –
  8. ghetto – poor run-down neighborhood
  9. affirmative action – businesses and schools were encouraged to give preference to members of groups that had been discriminated against in the past

Section 4: Other Americans Seek Rights, Pages 893-897

Among the citizens who organized to seek change were women, Latinos, Native Americans, older Americans, and people with disabilities.

  1. exert – to put into action
  2. modify – to make changes to or in; to alter
  3. Betty Friedan – Founder of the National Organization of Women, wrote the best-selling book "The Feminine Mystique" is credited for inspiring the modern women's liberation movement
  4. Cesar Chavez – Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions
  5. bilingual – two languages
  6. mandatory retirement – a policy that required people to stop working at a certain age
  7. Maggie Kuhn – a woman who was forced to retire because she had reached age 65 so she organized the Gray Panthers to combat age discrimination