IV. LESSON 4 Unit 1 – Lessons 1-6 “Describing Matter” (Pages 4-87)

A. Pure Substances and Mixtures

1. ALL matter is composed of particlescalled ______

2. Atoms form ______ and come together in different ways to form COMPOUNDS and

MIXTURES

3. ATOMSMALLEST unit of an ______and maintain the PROPERTIES of that element

4. MOLECULESMALLEST unit of a ______; maintainingPROPERTIES of thecompound

5. ELEMENT matter that is composed of one kind of ______(e.g. sulfur [__]; carbon [__])

a. eachELEMENThas its own CHARACTERISTIC, chemical, and ______ properties

*b. elements can NOT be______down into other substances by any CHEMICAL means

c. some MATTER exists in elemental form[(e.g.)gold [___] = not chemically ______)]

*d. ELEMENTSindividually or combined form everything in the universeincluding HUMANS

*1. Human body’s most abundant______: carbon[__],oxygen[__],hydrogen [__],

andnitrogen [__]; for teeth & BONES=calcium[__] and phosphorus[__]; for

taste buds = zinc[__]; for nervous system = copper[__]; for blood = iron[__]

*e. There are currently 118 known______and ___are found in nature, while the others

are ______(man-made), but we only use between 30-40elements daily

*1. The discovery of all the ______to date has taken THOUSANDS of years

*2. In ancient times, it was believed there were “4”______:water, air, land, fire

*f. The chemical symbol of an ELEMENT is a shorthand form of the element’s______

*1. ThechemicalSYMBOLalwaysBEGINS with a ______letter, with any other

letter(s)written in their ______-______form

*a.(e.g.) sulfur [__]; iodine [__]; fluorine [__]; helium [___]; gallium[___]

*2. Some elements’ ______symbols are based on their Latin, Greekor Arabic name

*a.(e.g.) gold [___]; silver [___]; mercury [___]; tin [___]; lead[___]

6. COMPOUND substance composed of two or more kinds of ATOM that has been ______

combined (e.g. sodium chloride [______]; hydrogen peroxide [______]; iron oxide [______])

a. everyCOMPOUND has its own distinct______

1. thePROPERTIESof a compound differ from the PROPERTIES of the individual

______making up the COMPOUND

a. (e.g.)sodium [___]and chlorine [___] individually have totally ______

properties compared to theCOMPOUND sodium chloride [______]

b. MOSTmatter on Earth exists in the form of a ______

*c. When a COMPOUND forms, it ALWAYS contains the ______elements and the ______

number of atoms per ELEMENT in exactly theSAMEratio

*1. WATER= is alwayscomposed of the ______hydrogen [__] and oxygen [__]

with a 2:1ratioof atoms respectively  H2O

*2. HYDROGENPEROXIDE= is always composed of the ______hydrogen [__]

and oxygen[__] with a 2:2ratio of atoms respectively  ______

*d. A chemical formula  is a chemical abbreviation for writing a ______

*1. A formula includes: ______symbols of the ELEMENTSand numbers written

as subscripts to show the ratioof______perELEMENT

*a. If an ELEMENT has NO subscript, the ______is understood to be “__”

*b. (e.g.) carbon monoxide [____]; carbon dioxide[_____]; ammonia [____]

*e. Examples of COMPOUNDS:

*1. Table salt = ______ [sodium, chlorine w/1:1 atom ratio]

*2. Sand = ______ [silicon, oxygen w/1:2 atom ratio]

*3. Table sugar = ______ [carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/12:22:11 atom ratio]

*4. Glucose = ______ [carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/6:12:6 atom ratio]

*5. Chalk = ______ [calcium, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:3 atom ratio]

*6. Iron oxide (rust) = ______ [iron, oxygen w/2:3 atom ratio]

*7. Baking soda = ______ [sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:1:3 atom ratio]

*f. COMPOUNDS_____ be broken down, but because the elements were ______joined

together, a ______process is necessary to SEPARATE them

*1. Heating breaks down some ______: iron separated from oxygen

(e.g.) 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C (are heated)  4 Fe + 3 CO2 (the ______[Fe] is SEPARATED)

*2. Electrolysis is an ______ current passed through some COMPOUNDS to break

them down: water is broken down into ______gas[H2]and ______gas[O2]

(e.g.)2 H2O (electricity is added)  2 H2 + O2 (the ______[H] and ______[O]

are ______)

*3. Some COMPOUNDS are so UNSTABLE that they break down without the use of

______or ELECTROLYSIS

*a. LIGHT acts as a catalyst(something that SPEEDS up a reaction) and is all that is

needed to break down an ______compound: hydrogen peroxide[_____]

isbroken down into WATER[______]and ______gas[O2]

(e.g.)2 H2O2 (exposed to ______)  2 H2O + O2 (DECOMPOSED into water and oxygen)

7. MIXTURE is matter that has been MIXEDor blended together PHYSICALLY, but NOT

______combined

a. since MIXTURES are NOT______joined together, each substance retains its

______and CHEMICAL properties

*b. MIXTURES, however, do _____ require a specific RATIO of substances

*1. Sugar water = is composed of the SOLUTE(substance being dissolved) sugar andthe

SOLVENT(substance doing the dissolving) water

*a. Add more sugar(______), the solution becomes CONCENTRATED

*b. Add LESS sugar(______), the solution becomes DILUTED

B. Pure Substances: ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS

1. Two types of PURE substances:

  • ______(e.g.) potassium[__]; aluminum [___]; sodium[___]
  • ______(e.g.) _____[NaCl]; glucose [______]; TABLE______[C12H22O11]

2. Pure substances have definite characteristic (INTRINSIC),physical, and chemical ______

a. Properties of PUREsubstances remain consistent because the most basic particles (______and

______) making up each substance are IDENTICAL[(e.g.)copper [__]; water [____] ]

3. CHEMICALbonds(ionic and covalent bonds) are FORCES that hold the ______ together that

formCOMPOUNDSand can only be broken by a ______change(electrolysis, heat, light)

4. Classifications ofPURE substances are according to their PROPERTIES

a. ELEMENTS are classified into 3 groups:______, ______and METALLOIDS

*1. METALS(metallic)have the following PROPERTIES:

*a. LUSTER  the amount of ______or brightness (e.g.) chromium[___]

*b. MALLEABLE  able to be hammered, rolled, or shaped without ______

(e.g.) copper (___); gold [___]; aluminum[___]

*c. ______  able to be drawn into a WIRE (e.g.)tungsten[__]; platinum[___]

*d.Good CONDUCTORS of ______ items made from these elements heat quickly

and distribute the heat evenly (e.g.) iron [___]; aluminum[___]

*e.Good ______of ELECTRICITY metals through which electrons move

freely forming ______currents (e.g.) gold [__]; copper [__]; tungsten [__]

*f. ______of MATTERat room temperature(25o C) most metals are aSOLID at

room temp; except mercury [___]; copernicium [___], which are______at 25o C

*g.SomeMETALSexist for a short period of time in pure form (e.g.) francium[___]

*2. NON-METALS(non-metallic) elements’ PROPERTIES:

*a.______of MATTERat room temperature(25o C) nonmetals are a SOLID or

____ at room temperature, except bromine [__], only ______non-metalat 25o C

*1.Nonmetals have “______”properties of metals: low or noLUSTER,

poor conductors ofHEAT/electricity, andnot ductile or ______

*3. METALLOIDS, the “6”elements that BORDER between the ______ and

NONMETALS,having properties“______” those of METALS and ______

*a. Common metalloids:

*1. silicon [__]– combined with oxygenformingsand[_____], glass and cement

*2. boron [__]– is used in CLEANINGsolutions

*3. arsenic [__]– is a POISON

*b. Metalloids CONDUCTelectricityLESSefficiently than ______, but MORE

efficiently than ______

*1. silicon [__]andgermanium [__]– are used as ______-CONDUCTORS to

makecomputer chips, transistors, and LASERS

*c. Two other METALLOIDS are: ______[Sb]and______[Te]

*d. ______[Al]although it borders the line thatSEPARATESthe metallic

from the non-metallic ELEMENTS; it is definitely a______

*e. ______[At] and ______[Po] also border the zigzag line, but are still

being debated as to whether they areMETALLOIDS

b. COMPOUNDS can be classified as aBASE, ______, or NEUTRAL substance based on their

“pH” value(determined using aLITMUS indicator):

  • ACIDS have a pH value ______“7”; (e.g.) vinegar [CH3COOH]; litmus turns RED
  • BASES have a pH value ______“7”; (e.g.) baking soda [NaHCO3]; litmus turns BLUE
  • NEUTRAL substances’ ___ value is “_”; (e.g.) distilled water [____]; litmus NO change

c. COMPOUNDS can also be classified as ORGANIC or INORGANIC

1. ORGANIC compounds have chemical bonds between carbon [__]hydrogen [__] atoms

a. ______compounds made from BIOTIC matter are called BIOCHEMICALS

1.Four categories of ______:

a. ______:a macronutrientandsource of ENERGY

(e.g.) sugar, starch, fiber

b. ______:a macronutrient that storesEXCESS energy and forms

CELL membranes(e.g.)FATS, oil, wax

c. ______:a macronutrient that regulates body CHEMICAL

activities; builds and REPAIRS cellular structures

d. ______: contain genetic information(e.g.)_____ and RNA;

build PROTEINS

C. Mixtures

1. MIXTURE  consists of TWO or more substances that are MIXED/BLENDED together, but do

NOTreact ______to form a NEW substance, instead keeping their original PROPERTIES

2. Mixtures are not ______substances(not an element or compound)

3. Components of a MIXTURE are NOT all IDENTICALand do NOT have DEFINITEproperties

because they do NOT have a defined ______makeup

4. Mixtures can be ______by PHYSICALmeans which depends on their physical and

chemicalPROPERTIES

*a. Methods used to separate the substances of MIXTURES are:

  • ______ separation the substances (e.g. remove mushroom topping from pizza)
  • ______various sized particles (e.g. sifting dirt particles)
  • ______forceof attractionor repulsionbetweenMAGNETICmaterials

*1.(e.g.)iron [Fe–most ______element ] nails from aluminum [___] nails)

  • ______(mass/volume)can separate substances NATURALLY(e.g. sand in water)

*1. CENTRIFUGE[e.g.separates parts of ______(white, red blood cells; plasma)]

  • DISTILLATIONistheprocessofBOILING away water or letting water ______

(the 2 forms of vaporization) from a SOLUTION, leaving the SOLID that was

DISSOLVED as a residue

5. MIXTURESare classified into two types: HOMOGENEOUS and HETEROGENEOUS

a. HOMOGENEOUS the substances are EVENLYdispersed throughout the ______

due to the ______(going from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW

concentration) of the particles throughout the mixture

1. Particles are extremelySMALL;they will _____settle out;ALWAYSstay ______

2. SOLUTIONhomogeneous mixture where one substance is ______in another

*a. Types ofSOLUTIONS:

*1. the most common SOLUTIONis a ______dissolved in aLIQUID

*a. (e.g.) SUGAR (solute – the substance being dissolved)andwater

(solvent – the substance that dissolves other materials)

*2. one LIQUIDdissolved in another______

*a. (e.g.) Ethylene glycol(______) andWATER(______) to make

ANTIFREEZE (FREEZINGpt = -13o C;______pt =176 o C)

*3. a ______dissolved in aLIQUID

*a. (e.g.) CARBONDIOXIDEgas(______) andsoda(______) to

make a carbonated soft drink

*4. a ______dissolved in anotherGAS

*a. (e.g.)_____ is a mixture of oxygen [__], argon[___]and carbon

dioxide [_____] (SOLUTES); nitrogen gas [N2](______)

*b. ALLOYS  (special solutions)are solidSOLUTIONSofmetals ______

in other metalsand alsonon-metals ______inMETALS

*1. Steel  is a SOLUTIONof metal iron [__]and non-metal carbon [__];

making the steel alloy exceptionally strong

*2. Bronze  is a ______of metal copper [__]and metal tin [__];

bronze is theearliest of the ______

*3. Brass  is a ______of metal copper [__]and metal zinc [__];

making the brass alloyvery______(bendable/shapeable)

*4. Sterling silver  is a ______of metal silver [__]and metal copper

[__]; harder anddoesNOT tarnishlike pure silver[___]

*5. Solder  is a ______of metal tin [__]and metal lead [__]; LOW

MELTING point and is used to join ______together

*6. Wood’s metal  is a ______of metal bismuth [__], metal lead [__],

metal tin [__], and metal cadmium [__];used in

sprinkler systems in buildings

*c. Concentration  isa way to describe a SOLUTIONbecause different amounts

of ______can be DISSOLVED in different amounts of ______

*1. DILUTEare solutionswith a ______amount ofSOLUTE

*a. (e.g.) “WEAK”tea(______in color; ______intaste)

*2. CONCENTRATEDare solutionswith a LARGEamount of______

*a. (e.g.) “STRONG”tea(darker in______; strongerin ______)

*d. Solubility  isa MEASURE of how well a ______can______

in a SOLVENTat a givenTEMPERATURE

*1. SOLUBLE  SOLUTESthat WILL______in a ______

*2. INSOLUBLE  ______that will ____ dissolve in a SOLVENT

*3. SATURATED  are solutionswith so much SOLUTEthat NO______

willDISSOLVE

*4. UNSATURATEDare solutionswhere ______solute will CONTINUE

to ______when added to the SOLVENT

*5. SUPERSATURATEDare solutionscontaining more SOLUTE than the

SOLVENTat a given ______can DISSOLVE

*6. For manySOLIDS, solubility INCREASES as the temperatures ______,

because a solid’s particles move ______and spread ______

apart allowing more room in the SOLVENT for ______ dissolved particles

*a. (e.g.) Potassium nitrate [__NO3] and______chloride [KCl]

*7. For manyGASES, an ______in temperature DECREASES the

solubility of a gas in aliquid, because the speed of the dissolved gas particles

INCREASES, causing the particlesto gain energy and ______ the

solution more readily.

*a. (e.g.) Bubbles of DISSOLVED air escape long before the water boils,

because water is able to hold ______air in solution as its temperature

______

*e. Effects of Solutes on Solutions

*1. Lower the Freezing Points  Solutes LOWER the FREEZING point of a

______, because the SOLUTE particles interfere with the SOLVENT’S

particles making it HARDER for the water molecules to form ______

*a. (e.g.) A salt waterSOLUTION – the temperature mustdroplower

than ___C for water to ______and for a SOLID to form

*2. HigherBoiling Points  Solutes RAISE the BOILING point of a

______, because the SOLUTE particles make it HARDER for the water

molecules to gain energy and ______ into the air.

*a. (e.g.) A salt waterSOLUTION – temperature mustgohigher than

____C for the water to gain more______for the water to BOIL

*f. Water[H2O] is the UNIVERSAL solvent for______

*1. However,NOT all solutes______in water

*a. (e.g.) oil-based paints requireTURPENTINE as the ______

b.HETEROGENEOUS substances ______evenlydistributed throughout the MIXTURE

1. Particles are LARGER,can______in size and do NOT stay______

2. SUSPENSION  heterogeneous mixture where particles of one substance are

SCATTERED throughout another substance andWILL eventually ______out

*3. Types ofSUSPENSIONS:

*1. solid particles______/ SUSPENDEDin a liquid

*a. (e.g.)sand in WATER; juices w/______; Italian SALAD dressing

*2. solid particles______/ SUSPENDEDin agas

*a. (e.g.) dust or SMOKE particles in the ______

*3. gas molecules______/ SUSPENDEDin aliquid

*a. (e.g.) AIRscatteredin a“creamy” fluidto make shaving ______ and

______cream

*4. COLLOID  hasMEDIUM -SIZED particles thatremainMIXEDin a gas,______

or ______

*a. Colloids appear to beSOLUTIONS, because their particles are well-mixed

and are too ______to be SEENbecause they are ______

evenly in another substance

*1. Colloidsare HETEROGENEOUS, but have a homogeneous______

*b. a COLLOID’sparticles are large enough, however, to “______”

or“SUSPEND”abeam of ______, but a solution’s particles are NOT

*c. (e.g.) MILK, fog, ______, gelatin and ______

*d. SOLUTIONversus ______(Tyndall effect):

*5. EMULSIONisa special type of COLLOID that consists of one liquid______

inanotherLIQUID

*a. Emulsions are well-mixed substances that have ahomogeneous ______,

but are ______mixtures

*b. (e.g.)mayonnaise is an EMULSION of vinegar (______)SUSPENDED

in oil (______) and eggyolks(the emulsifier)

*c. EMULSIFIERis a substance that keeps the particles in one LIQUID

MIXED in another ______

*1. (e.g.) in mayonnaise the ______is the EGGYOLKS

*d. Many, but NOT all EMULSIONShave______