Chapter 22 Mini Practice Exam – 11/2/17

  1. Which of the following is an example of a vestigial trait?
  2. Fingernails in humans
  3. Feathers in dinosaurs
  4. Eye sockets in eyeless cave fish
  5. Gills in fish
  1. Which of the following is not an example of evolution through natural selection?
  2. Overtime, weed populations are increasingly resistant to herbicide
  3. Humans visiting high elevation regions develop a higher density of red blood cells
  4. Following a long-standing drought, plant populations exhibit an increase in water use efficiency
  5. Antibiotics that were once effective in treating a bacterial infection can no longer control the disease
  1. Define homology and give an example?
  1. At what level does natural selection occur?
  2. Population
  3. Individual
  1. At what level does evolution occur?
  2. Population
  3. Individual
  1. Is acclimatization the same thing as adaptation?
  1. Describe and give an example of inheritance of acquired characteristics?
  1. Define vestigial trait?
  1. Which of the following is a fitness trade off?
  2. The strong, thick beak of a woodpecker helps it find insects in trees
  3. In some hornbill species, the male helps seal the female in a tree with her nest until the young are ready to fledge
  4. Hummingbirds are the best pollinators of certain flowers, but bees are the best pollinators for orchids
  5. Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burdensome when moving
  1. Resistance to a wide variety of insecticides, fungicides, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and herbicides has recently evolved in hundreds of insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and plants. Why?
  2. Humans have better health practices, so these organisms are trying to keep up
  3. Mutations are on the rise
  4. Humans are altering the environments of these organisms, and populations of these organisms are evolving by natural selection
  1. A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do NOT seem to be optimally arranged because…?
  2. In many cases, the phenotype is determined by genotype and the environment
  3. Natural selection has not had sufficient time to create the optimal design in each case but will do so in given time
  4. Natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and/or in previous species
  1. You are studying a group of related fossils, and you notice that a particular trait is present in older fossils, but disappears in more recent species. What does this mean?
  2. This means that in more recent species, individuals without the trait had higher fitness
  3. This means you disproved evolution
  4. This means that the new species without the trait are less evolved
  5. This means evolution made a mistake
  1. Carnivory in plants has evolved at least 5 times independently, yet there is a great deal of morphological similarity among these groups. This independent evolution of similar traits is called…?
  2. Convergent evolution
  3. Divergent evolution
  4. Branching evolution
  5. Allegiant evolution
  6. Why did Darwin document and describe vestigial traits?
  7. Vestigial traits indicated that species do not change over time. This opposes the theory of evolution but is consistent with the theory of special creation.
  8. Vestigial traits indicate that species change over time. This is an important pattern component of the theory of evolution and is consistent with the theory of special creation.
  9. Vestigial traits result from the independent evolution of traits that are functional in unrelated species. This is an important pattern component of the theory of evolution and Is inconsistent with the theory of special creation.
  1. Vestigial traits and neutral changes in DNA sequences are good examples of…?
  2. Acclimation
  3. Adaptation
  4. Non-adaptive traits
  5. Convergent traits
  1. After the drought of 1977, researchers on the island of Daphne Major hypothesized that medium ground finches that had large, deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they can more easily crack and eat the tough T. cistoides fruit. What would you observe if a population of these medium ground finches colonizes a nearby island where T. cistoides is the most abundant food for the next 100 years? Assume that (1) even the survivors of the 1977 drought sometimes had difficulty cracking the tough T. cistoides fruit and would eat other seeds when offered a choice; and (2) food availability is the primary limit on finch fitness on this new island.
  2. Random fluctuations in beak size and shape
  3. No change in beak size and shape
  4. Evolution of yet larger, deeper beaks
  5. Evolution of smaller, pointier beaks over time
  1. How do the theories of Lamarck and Darwin differ?
  2. Darwin believed genes can mutate; Lamarck did not know of mutations
  3. Darwin proposed populations evolve; Lamarck proposed that individuals evolve
  4. Darwin understood the importance of the environment and adaptation; Lamarck did not
  1. In Darwin’s thinking, the more closely related two organisms are ____
  2. The more recently they shared a common ancestor
  3. The more similar their habitats are
  4. The more similar in size they are
  5. The less similar their DNA sequences are
  1. Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tuffs of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should ____
  2. Determine if hair length is heritable
  3. Test whether other traits in these males are also adaptive
  4. Look for evidence of hair in ancestors of tamarins
  5. Test whether males with shaved heads are still able to mate
  1. Similar gill pouches in embryos of a chick, human, and cat are an example of ____
  2. Developmental homology
  3. Structural homology
  4. The inheritance of acquired characters
  5. Genetic homology
  1. Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?
  2. Parasites have simple morphologies to evade detection by their hosts
  3. Simple morphologies convey some advantages in most parasites
  4. Parasites evolved early, and this why they have simple morphologies
  5. Parasites evolved simple morphologies in order to reproduce successfully in their hosts
  1. A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best explains what happened?
  2. Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce
  3. Triazine-resistant pigweed has less efficient photosynthesis metabolism
  4. The herbicide company lost its triazine formula and started selling poor-quality triazine
  1. If the staph bacterium experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, what would happen in environments that lack antibiotics?
  2. These genes would be maintained in case the antibiotics appear
  3. These bacteria would try to make the cost worthwhile by locating and migrating to microenvironments where traces of antibiotics were found
  4. These bacteria would be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes
  5. The number of genes conveying antibiotic resistance would increase in these bacteria
  1. There is a population of beetles that typically have black wings. A scientist studying these beetles knows that their eggs hatch in early spring, the young insects grow through the late spring and summer, they lay eggs in the early fall, and they die in the early winter. Recently some beetles have been born with white wings. Early in life, the black- and white-winged beetles seem to be very similar in number of mating events, eggs laid, and survival rates, but shortly after laying their eggs, the white beetles die and there are only black-winged beetles during the late fall. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the beetles?
  2. Black-winged beetles have a higher fitness than white-winged beetles
  3. White and black winged beetles have equal fitness
  4. The number of baby white winged beetles will decrease in frequency over time
  5. White wings are an adaptation

Define the following:

Evolution –

Inheritance of acquired characteristics –

Descent with modification –

Genetic homology –

Developmental homology –

Natural selection –