History of Quebec and CanadaName: ______

CHAPTER 2: THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIAL SOCIETY UNDER QUEBEC RULE

PART 4 NEW FRANCE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

1. POPULATION GROWTH

•Around 1713, French population of New France = ______

•Around 1752, French population of New France= ______

•In the region of Canada alone, the population was 60,000. 85% of who lived in a ______area. The urban population lived in QC, Trois-Rivières or Montreal.

2. THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF THE CANADIEN POPULATION

Immigrants to New France belonged to one of the following classes:

  1. The ______(mostly wealthy, were influential, leaders in society, included the governor, intendant, military)
  2. The ______(lived in more modest conditions, included the bishop, priests etc...)
  3. The ______(had few privileges, lived modestly, included some seigneurs, merchants, workers, censitaires etc.…)

3. FROM FRENCH TO CANADIEN

Over time, the ______and way of life of the French colonists became ______from those who lived in France.Colonists who settled in the St. Lawrence Valley were known as ______. Colonists who settled in the Maritimes were known as ______.

4. ACCLIMATIZATION

Canadiens had to ______to the ______of the St. Lawrence Valley, particularly in the winter. They had to modify their ______, ______and ______techniques in order to survive in their new environment.

For example: they added deeper foundations, double window panes and woodstoves to their homes.

5. NATIVE INFLUENCE

The “______” (Canadien farmers) had a more ______and were less obedient than their French counterparts.

The vastness of the territory and the influence of Native culture and practices was thought to play a role in this change of attitude.

Two of the Native practices that the French followed in the Saint-Lawrence valley were the following:

  1. the use of ______for transportation
  2. the use of ______

6. ECONOMIC DEVLOPMENT

•Jean Talon’s great idea of ______was ______to accomplish during the first half of the 18th Century.

•The majority of colonists practiced farming and some types of artisanal work began to emerge.

•Efforts were made to integrate New France into a trade network with France’s colonies in the West Indies.

•Other intendants Michel Begon & Gilles Hocquart did the following:

Encouraged hemp and flax cultivation, timber exploration, built sawmills, built naval shipyards, ______and other mineral exploration (______)

7. OBSTACLES TO ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION

The following obstacles stood in the way of the intendant’s efforts to diversify the economy:

  1. Specialized ______was ______and rare.
  2. Certain resources (ore) were located in sparsely populated & uninhabited areas.
  3. ______from remote areas was ______and expensive.
  4. The ______5 months of the year & the ports of Quebec & Montreal were therefore inaccessible.

France forbid manufacturing certain products in New France (they practiced ______) and wanted the profits to go to the mother country

8. TRIANGULAR TRADE

In the 18th Century, France established a trade network between ______, ______and France’s ______.

They established a maritime ______shaped in a triangular form, hence the term “triangular trade”.

THE THREE PRINCIPLES OF TRIANGULAR TRADE:

1. Ships were never empty. They were always loaded with rare products non-existent in the territory where they are delivered.

2. Ships leaving New France & the West Indies transported raw material and production surpluses to France.

3. Ships leaving France for New France and the West Indies transport the finished products.

9. AGRICULTURE & FISHING

Most colonists practice agriculture in New France. Many colonists were able to ______their ______in local markets and cities. Certain agricultural products were exported to France and its colonies in West Indies.

The main crop was ______. 2/3 of the crops produced were wheat.

From the 17th to the mid-18th century, ______on the coast of Newfoundland & Cape Breton (Louisbourg area) was ______.

However, beginning in the 18th Century, fishermen obtained ______from French authorities and were able to operate small merchant posts. Many concessions were located on the shores of Gaspésie and the Gulf of St.Lawrence.

Fish was sold at local markets and some was exported to West Indies.

10. ARTISINAL WORK

Craftspeople settled in cities.

Their workshops/ stores would occupy the ground floor of their house, and they would live on the second floor.Craftspeople were mostly composed of the following:

  1. ______
  2. Masons
  3. Coopers
  4. ______
  5. Artists: including painters & sculptors offered their services & sold their work to the rich, religious communities & the church.

Later in the 18th Century, many craftspeople moved to the countryside and mixed trade with farming.

IMPORTANT IMAGES