Chapter 2 Power Point Lecture Notes with Blanks

Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems

Name: ______Date: ______Assignment # ______

1) Core Case Study: A Story About a Forest

•Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire

•Compared the loss of water and nutrients from an uncut forest (control site) with one that had been stripped (experimental site)

•Stripped site:

•______

•______

•______

2) 2-1 What Do Scientists Do?

•Concept 2-1 Scientists collect data and develop theories, models, and laws about how nature works.

3) Science Is a Search for Order in Nature (1-2)

•______a problem

•Find out what is known about the problem

•Ask a ______to be investigated

•Gather ______through ______

•Propose a scientific ______

•Make ______predictions

•Keep ______and making observations

•______or ______the hypothesis

•______: well-tested and widely accepted hypothesis

4) Characteristics of Science…and Scientists

•______

•______

•______

•______

•______to new ideas

•______thinking

•______

5) Science Focus: Easter Island: Revisions to a Popular Environmental Story

•Some revisions to a popular environmental story

•Polynesians arrived about______years ago

•Population may have reached ______

•Used ______in an unsustainable manner, but rats may have multiplied and eaten the seeds of the trees

6) Scientific Theories and Laws Are the Most Important Results of Science

•______

•Widely tested

•Supported by extensive evidence

•Accepted by most scientists in a particular area

•Scientific law, law of nature

7) Science Has Some Limitations

  1. Particular hypotheses, theories, or laws have a high probability of being ______while not being ______
  2. ______can be minimized by scientists
  3. Environmental phenomena involve interacting ______and complex ______
  4. ______methods may be used to estimate very large or very small numbers
  5. Scientific process is limited to the ______

8) 2-2 What Is Matter?

•Concept 2-2 Matter consists of elements and compounds, which are in turn made up of atoms, ions, or molecules.

9) Matter Consists of Elements and Compounds

•______

•Has mass and takes up space

•______

•Unique properties

•Cannot be broken down chemically into other substances

•______

•Two or more different elements bonded together in fixed proportions

10) 2-3 What Happens When Matter Undergoes Change?

•Concept 2-3 Whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed (the law of ______).

11) Matter Undergoes Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Changes

•______

•No change in chemical composition

•______

•Change in chemical composition

•Reactants and products

•______

•Natural radioactive decay

•Radioisotopes: unstable

•Nuclear fission

•Nuclear fusion

12) Types of Nuclear Changes

  • What are the three types of nuclear changes?

13) We Cannot Create or Destroy Matter

•Law of conservation of matter

•Whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are ______or ______

14) 2-4 What is Energy and What Happens When It Undergoes Change?

•Concept 2-4A When energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed (first law of ______)..

•Concept 2-4B Whenever energy is changed from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, we end up with ______or less usable energy than we started with (second law of thermodynamics).

15) Energy Comes in Many Forms (2)

•Sun provides ______of earth’s energy

•Warms earth to ______temperature

•Plant ______

•______

•______

•______

•______: oil, coal, natural gas

16) Energy Changes Are Governed by Two Scientific Laws

•First Law of Thermodynamics

•Law of conservation of energy

•______is neither created nor destroyed in physical and chemical changes

•Second Law of Thermodynamics

•Energy always goes from a ______to a ______form when it changes from one form to another

•Light bulbs and combustion engines are very ______: produce wasted heat

17) 2-5 What Are Systems and How Do They Respond to Change?

•Concept 2-5 Systems have inputs, flows, and outputs of matter and energy, and feedback can affect their behavior.

18) Systems Have Inputs, Flows, System

•Set of ______that interact in a ______

•Human body, earth, the economy

•Inputs from the ______

•Flows, throughputs of ______and ______

•Outputs to the ______

19) Inputs, Throughput, and Outputs of an Economic System

  • What are the inputs, throughputs, and outputs?

20) Systems Respond to Change through Feedback Loops

•______

•Causes system to change further in the same direction

•Can cause major environmental problems

•______

•Causes system to change in opposite direction

21) Describe how positive feedback loop works.

22) Describe how a negative feedback loop works.

23) Time Delays Can Allow a System to Reach a Tipping Point

•Time delays vary

•Between the input of a ______and the ______to it

•______, threshold level

•Causes a ______in the behavior of a system

•Melting of polar ice

•Population growth

24) System Effects Can Be Amplified through Synergy

•______, synergy

•Two or more processes combine in such a way that combined effect is ______than the two separate effects

•Helpful

•Studying with a partner

•Harmful

•E.g., Smoking and inhaling asbestos particles

25) The Usefulness of Models for Studying Systems

  1. Identify major components of ______and ______within system, and then write equations
  2. Use ______to describe behavior, based on the equations
  3. Compare ______behavior with ______behavior
  4. Can use a good model to answer “______“ questions

26) Three Big Ideas

  1. There is no ______.
  2. You cannot get ______for ______.
  3. You cannot ______even.

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