Chapter 2: PopulationTest
Section A: General
(a)Explain what each of the following means:
(i)demography: the study of population (demographics)
(ii)population density: the number of people living in a given area – usually per km2
(iii)population structure: the ratio of people by age and gender in a given population
(iv)accessible: how easy or difficult it is to get/get to something
(4 x 1 mark)
(b)Study the map below
(i)Name three densely populated countries (over 300 per km2)(1 mark)
Wide range of possible answers (see map)
(ii)Name three sparsely populated countries (below 10 per km2)(1 mark)
Wide range of answers (see map)
(iii)Explain why one of your named countries is sparsely populated.(2 marks)
Named countryStudent choice + explanation (likely to be extreme climate/relief)
No marks if appropriate country not named.Total = 2 marks
- Study the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) below.
(a)The DTM (above) shows the different stages of development a country may go through. Describe the changes that take place from Stage 1 through to Stage 5. Refer to the following terms in your answer: birth rate (BR), death rate (DR), natural increase or decrease, total population.
(5 marks)
Should include:
•Stage 1:low natural increase; high BR and DR
•By stage 2, higher natural increase/rapid growth; BR still high, DR falling
•By stage 3, natural increase high at beginning, but then falls; BR falls rapidly, BR falls slowly
•By stage 4, low natural increase – little or no growth; low BR and DR
•Stage 5: growth rate / natural ‘increase’ may actually be a decrease/fall; lower BR and low DR
As a guide, 1 mark for each stage. Total =5 marks
(b)Look at the population structure shapes below. State which stage of the DTM each one shows and give an example of a country each stage.
/ (i) DTM / development stage: Stage 2Example country:
varied answers e.g. The Philippines
/ (ii) DTM / development stage Stage 4
Example country:
varied answers e.g. The Netherlands
/ iii) DTM / development stage: Stage 5
Example country:
varied answers e.g. Germany
Must have both parts of each answer (I – iii) to gain the 1 mark for each question. Total = 3 marks
(a)Study the population pyramid below
(i)Shade in each of the following groups in a different colour. Label each one.(2 marks)
Young dependentsEconomically activeElderly dependents
1 mark for 2 correct, 2 marks for all three correct. Total = 2 marks
(ii)What is the main link between dependent groups and the economically active group?(1 mark)
The dependent groups are not economically active, so depend on that group to work and support them.
(b)Study the population pyramid below.
(i)Describe the population structure shown above, using data from it in your answer.(3 marks)
Should refer to the shape in terms of the 3 groups – and/or age ranges e.g.
•The young dependents (0-14 years) is the smallest group, each 5 year sector is about 60 million
•The economically active group (15-64) gradually increases in number from 15 years (about 60 million) to about 110 million 60-64 year olds
•The numbers of elderly dependents (65+) are quite high compared with young dependents e.g. about 85 million 65-69 year olds.
3 x 1 mark for each group. Total = 3 marks
(ii)What stage of development do you think it shows? Give reasons for your choice.(2 marks)
Stage 4: low BR and DR, with the population structure having a gradually increasing proportion of elderly dependents (straight sided at base, ‘bulge’ toward top of middle)
1 mark for the appropriate stage, 1 mark for explanation. Total = 2 marks
(a)
(i)Use the data in the table to draw a line graph showing world population growth.(3 marks)
Year / World population in billions /1820 / 1
1925 / 2
1960 / 3
1975 / 4
1987 / 5
1999 / 6
2010 / 7
2030 / 8
2055 / 9
2 marks for accurate drawing of graph, plus 1 for correct labelling. Total =3 marks
(ii)Describe and explain the pattern or trend shown by your graph. Include information about the amount and speed of growth in your answer.(3 marks)
Answers will vary in content and detail but should note the rapid increase in growth, especially since 1960, and include data from the graph in the answer.
Max 2 marks if data not used. Total = 3 marks.
(b)Answer true or false:(2 marks)
FalseThe world population in 2040 is likely to be over 9 billion ______
FalsePopulation growth today is fastest in richer countries (MDCs)______
TrueAlmost half the world’s people today are under 30 years of age______
FalseFertility rate is another term for population growth______
3 correct = 1 mark; all 4 = 2 marks. Total = 2 marks
(a)Using named examples, give one reason why migration within Europe has taken place:
Answers – especially locations - will vary, but e.g.
(i)For hundreds of years: Many wars and/or redrawing of boundaries e.g. Poland. Migration from former colonies as they became independent e.g. Suriname to the Netherlands
(ii)During the past 50 years: People displaced as a result of conflict e.g. the break-up of the former Yugoslavia. Migration between people in EU member countries since 2007.
2 x 2 marks each -1 mark for location, 1 mark for reason. Total = 4 marks
(b)Describe and explain one result of:
(i)A high net migration ratecan add significantly to the population total (and structure) of a country = pressure on resources e.g. schools, health services, housing etc
A negative net migration ratecan lead to a decrease in population = lack of taxes for government; lack of workers
2 x 2 marks each – 1 mark for description and 1 mark for explanation. Total = 4 marks
(Section A total = 40 marks)
Section B: Population case studies
The Netherlands
(a)What percentage of the population of the Netherlands live in urban areas?
Just over 80%
(b)What is the average population density in the Netherlands?
About 500 per km2 (496km2)
(c)
(i)Name two densely populated areas:
Wide variety of answers e.g. the Randstad / named provinces
Need to name two for the mark.
(ii)Name two sparsely populated areas:
Wide variety of answers
Need to name two for the mark.
(4 x 1 mark)
(a)Study the graph below, which shows population growth rate in the Netherlands
Describe the general pattern of growth rate from:
(i)1900-1960: Growth rate increased steadily between 1900 and 1920, by about 3.5 per thousand. It falls by over 5 per 1000 between 1920 and 1940 before rising to 15.2 by 1950. It falls again (to 13.2) by 1960.
(ii)1970-2010: Growth rate fell from 13.2 to 9.9 between 1960 and 1970. It then dropped by over 5 per thousand by 1980. From 1980 to 2000 it fell very slightly, from 4.7 to 4.2 per thousand. It then dropped to 2.9 by 2010 – by far the lowest on the graph.
(2 x 2 marks)
NB Question (i) and (ii) ask for descriptions – no credit / marks for explanations (next question)
(b)Give two reasons for the differences between (a)(i)and (a) (ii).
Range of answers e.g.
(i)Life expectancy generally increasing – better healthcare and living conditions. Birth rate still high as families often had 5 or more children. Baby boom after WW2
(ii)Growth rate falling as birth rate dropped – more women working; smaller families; more elderly population etc.
(2 x 1 mark)
(a)Study the two population pyramids for the Netherlands below.
2013 / 2050 (projected)(i)Describe the population structure in 2013(2 marks)
The young dependents is the smallest group, averaging about 200,000 in each year. Numbers remain fairly constant from age 20 to about age 38. From 38 years there is a ‘bulge’ to around 280,000 per year until 50, when the total gradually decreases up to 220,000 at aged 60. It has a smaller bulge (240,000) between 60 and 65, before declining at a steady rate.
(ii)Describe the projected population structure for 2050(2 marks)
By 2050 the population for each year is expected to be quite similar – between 180,000 and 220,000 from 0 to 65. Between ages 65-75 there is slight decrease to 160,000 gradually increasing again to 200,000 at aged 80 – before a gradual decline. 2 marks
NB Figures need to be TOTALS for years given i.e. students should add the two sides together.
(b)Describe and explain the main changes which are likely to take place to population structure between 2013 and 20150.(2 marks)
In 2013 the population is an ageing one with falling birth rates. By 2050 it shows a country with little or no natural increase / growth rate. It is moving from stage 4 to stage 5 on the DTM model – into negative growth rate / population decrease.
(c)In many countries, including the Netherlands, the proportion of the greying population is increasing. This age group has its own particular needs.
(i)List 4 of these needs:
May include: Pensions; suitable housing – including care homes; appropriate leisure/social facilities; increased health care. Credit other appropriate answers.
3 correct answers for 1 mark, 4 correct answers for 2 marks. Total = 2 marks
(ii)Choose one from (c)(i)and explain why.
Student choice with appropriate explanation.
(2 marks)
China
(a)Explain what is meant by over-population. Include the following in your answer:
population explosion, resources, quality of life.(2 marks)
Should include:
•Over-population today is largely the result of the population explosion over the past 50 years – the name given to the rapid increase in population across much of the world
•Over-population means too many people – this puts pressure on basic resources like food, water, sanitation and housing.
•When it becomes difficult to provide for everyone because there are simply too many people, quality of life decreases.
Only 1 mark if answer correct but does not include all 3 terms.
(b)
(i)China is the world’s most populous country. What does this mean?
The total number of people – so China has more people than any other country
(ii)Approximately what percentage of the world’s population lives in China?
About 1 in 5 = 20%
(2 x 1 mark)
(a)Study the graph showing China’s population total from 1950 to 2050 (projected)
Describe the pattern or trend in population growth shown by the graph (use data from the graph as part of your answer) (3 marks)
Rapid growth from 1950 to 1990 – the population more than doubled in this period to 1135 million. After 1990 growth began to slow down – increasing to just 1339 million by 2010. Growth is predicted to be even slower until 2030, reaching 1393 million before starting to fall by 2040 as the population total decreases.
Must use relevant data to gain full marks. Total =3 marks
(b)In the 1970s, China decided that it needed to try to slow down its rapid population growth. Give three reasons why this was necessary.(3 marks)
______
May include:
•Providing basic resources for its people – especially food and water - was becoming increasingly difficult
•The north of China is very arid (dry), making it difficult to farm and provide a reliable food supply
•Drought is becoming more common, so crops fail and livestock die more frequently
3 x 1 mark. Total = 3 marks
(a)In 1979 China introduced a ‘One Child Policy’. Describe and explain two ways in which they tried to do this.(2 x 2 marks)
A number of possible answers including:
•Gave incentives (free education, family benefits, pensions, housing) to couples who stopped at one child
•Took away these benefits if a second child was born
•Employed local health workers who were made responsible for birth quotas in their area
2 x 2 marks. 1 marks for the description, 1 mark for the explanation. Total = 4 marks
(b)The policy led to a gender imbalance in China, with a ratio of 118 boys to 100 girls. Explain why.
(2 marks)
Many families (especially in rural areas) valued boys more highly – girl babies were sometimes abandoned or women had abortions. This was sometimes encouraged by health workers.
- As a result of its efforts to slow down population growth, China’s population growth is changing.
(a)Describe how the structure is expected to change by 2050.(2 marks)
Overall, an increasingly ageing population – in 2010 birth rate has slowed (less young dependents) but the economically active group is easily he largest = the ‘bulge’ from 20-59. By 2050 the structure is starting to become top heavy – with the bulge between 55 and 69. It is also more female dominated after age 80.
(b)Explain one problem this may create(2 marks)
e.g.
•Fewer workers to support the elderly dependents i.e. paying taxes for pensions etc.
•Fewer children to look after elderly relatives
•More services needed for the elderly which the government may need to fund
Vulnerable populations
(a)In some places, the population is decreasing because of a range of problems. Complete the table below explaining each problem and giving a current or recent example.(6 marks)
Problem / Explanation / Example country/countriesConflict / War / Student choice / Student choice
Natural hazard / Student choice / Student choice
Diseases / Epidemics / Student choice / Student choice
1 mark for each correct explanation and 1 for corresponding named example. 2 marks for each problem, 6 marks in total.
(b)Explain each of the following:
Refugee: someone who flees their home because of fear of persecution and either cannot return home or is afraid to do so
Internally displaced person (IDP): people who have moved within an area or country
(2 x 1 mark)
(a)Using an appropriate method, add this data to the map below showing the number of registered Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries by March 2013.(2 marks)
Lebanon 332,000; Jordan 324,000; Turkey 185,205; Iraq 106,000; Egypt 21,000; North Africa 8,000
Blocks/bars drawn to a suitable scale could also be used.
1 mark for appropriate method, 1 mark for drawing the data accurately. Total =2 marks
(b)Describe two problems these countries receiving Syrian refugees have to deal with.
•Many have had recent conflicts / political unrest themselves
•Most are not very wealthy so have limited funds to support refugees
•The numbers arriving daily are very high
(2 x 2 marks= 4 marks)
- Imagine that you work for an aid agency running one of the refugee camps looking after Syrian refugees. You are in desperate need of more money to cope with the numbers arriving. Write a short report or appeal explaining why this is needed and why people should give their support.(6 marks)
Student choice
(Section B total = 60 marks)
Section A = 40 marks
Section B = 60 marks
Total = 100 marks
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