Chapter 2- Earth’s Structure

Lesson 2.1-Landscapes

A. Landscape Formation

1. Features sculpted by surface processes are calledlandforms.

2. is a process that moves the surface of Earth to a higher elevation.

a. Earth’s internal energy moves rock material and produces uplift.

b. When a large, flat area is uplifted, a is formed.

c. A mountain forms when a non-flat uplifted area has many ______slopes.(The difference between a plateau and a mountain is a plateau has a flat surface and a mountain has a steep surface).

d. are formed when internal heat melts rocks and pushes it out of the surface.

3. is a surface process that wears away soil and rock. (An example of erosion is when a stream is carrying rock fragments downstream).

a. , , , and break apart the rocks, changing mountains to plains. (Plains have a flat surface with low elevation).

b. Rivers and streams carry rock fragments , carving

and steep- sided .

c. Ocean move rock fragments along the coastline.

B. California Landforms

1. forces cause valleys to form. (ex: water)

a. Glaciers carved a valley in the surface of California’s Yosemite National Park.

b. Rivers usually carvesharper, valleys in rock.

2. forces cause volcanic eruptions that alter the landscape by spewing molten rock materials, gas, and ash.

a. The violent eruption of Lassen Peak in the Mountain Range in 1915 blasted out a at the summit.

b. The California and the are mountains that were created when solid rock was pushed up, forming high peaks.

c. The -shapedMount Shasta was formed by layers of melted rock from a .

3. Next to the California mountain belts are flat, open .

a. Water transports eroded material down from mountains to make the fertile soil of California’s Great Central .

b. Rivers carve deep, narrow as they flow from the Sierra Nevada toward the Pacific Ocean.

4. Sand-sized grains of rock from the mountains form along the Pacific coast.

a.Ocean moving parallel to the shore wash away sand.

b. are temporary features that must have ______added constantly in order to exist.

Lesson 2.2- Minerals and Rocks

  1. Minerals
  2. are substances that form rocks.(Rocks are usually made of minerals).
  3. Minerals have main characteristics.
  4. They are substances found in the world, such as diamonds.
  5. They are made by things.
  6. They occur in the form of only, not liquids or gases.
  7. They are made of crystals with a structure containing in ______patterns.
  8. They are made of specific in definite .
  9. Properties of Minerals

1. Each mineral has properties that are used to identify it.

  1. You can test the hardnessof a mineral by observing how easily it is ______and by referencing the Hardness Scale.(The rock lowest on the Mohs Hardness Scale is talc.) (The hardest rock is diamond).
  1. A mineral’s can sometimes help identify it.
  2. A mineral’s is the color of powder produced when it is scratched.
  3. is the way a mineral’s surface reflects light.(The luster of a rock could be described as shiny, silky, etc).
  4. Each crystal has a distinct , which sometimes is referred to ascrystal structure.
  5. If a crystal breaks along smooth, flat surfaces, it has .
  6. When a mineral breaks along rough or irregular surfaces, it displays ______.
  7. Some minerals, such as metals, have a higher (heaviness/mass) than others.

2. Some minerals are magnetic, react to , or interact with .

(The five tests to find out what type of mineral are hardness, color, streak and luster, crystal structure, and density).

C. Mineral Uses

1. Rich deposits of minerals that are used to make valuable things are called .

a. is a common metal used in wires to conduct electricity.

b. Iron used to make comes from hematite and magnetite.

c. Galena is the major ore for producing , used to make automobile batteries.

D. Rocks

1. A is a natural, solid mixture of particles mainly made of individual mineral , broken bits of , or fragments ofrock.

2. rocks are formed from , or liquid, rock material called .

a. Magma located at the surface, called , cools , forming ______crystals.

b. Inside Earth, magma cools and crystals grow .

3. rocks form when solid rocks are ,

______, or exposed to fluids.

a. The growth of new results from these forces.

b. Foliation produces parallel layers of light and dark mineral grains from the force of uneven .

4. is changed into rock as layers of grains are by the weight of the material above them.(Igneous rock can become sedimentary rock by volcanic rock being pushed down a stream, breaking into smaller pieces, more sediment piling on top, and creating pressure.)

5. The series of processes that changes one rock into another is called the .(The rock cycle is happening all the time).

Lesson 2.3- Earth’s Interior

A. Layers and Seismic Waves

1. Earth’s interior is made up of with different compositions.

a. Scientists have learned about Earth’s layers by analyzing the paths of waves produced by .

2. The thin, brittle, rocky outer layer of Earth is called the .

a. The thin crust under the is made of

______igneous rocks called and gabbro.

b. The crust is made of -density igneous rocks like granite.

3. The is the thick middle layer of rock beneath the crust.

a. The partly solid (slowly flowing) layer of the mantle is called the .

4. Below the asthenosphere, the hot rock has been by pressure and turns into the rock of the .

a. The core is very dense because it is made mainly of ______elements like iron and nickel.

b. The has two layers: the metal layer called the and the solid metal part called the

______.

5. The crust and the uppermost mantle form the solid and rigid outer layer of Earth called the .

B. Heat Transfer in Earth

1. The temperature and pressure inside Earth change the of rock material.

a. The temperature and pressure increase as you go deeper into Earth.

2. Heat energy in Earth’s outer core and mantle escapes toward the surface mostly by .