Chapter 16: Transformation of Europe, 1500 - 1750

CHAPTER 16: TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE, 1500 - 1750

1. Culture and Ideas
2. Religious Reformation
3. 1500, ______began building new churches.
4. Church raising money:

1. Martin Luther’s challenges:

1. John Calvin argued predestination:

1. Council of Trent:

1. Catholic Reformation brought about the ______
2. Jesuit beliefs:

1. Traditional Thinking
2. ______in late 16th and early 17th century trials of 100,000 women
3. Some poor and marginal people welcomed the ______and ______from public confession
4. Undertaken by both ______and ______
5. Some witches recanted, others were acquitted
6. ______were executed
7. Social tensions, rural poverty, and environmental strains caused the rise of witch hunts
8. Scientific Revolution
9. Greeks and Romans stated everything was made of 4 elements:

1. ______came up with the sun centered theory
2. Changed the idea that the earth was the center of the universe (______) to ______(sun centered universe)
3. Isaac Newton’s gravity, laws of motion, and elliptical planetary movement:

1. Galileo:

1. Church believed new ideas ______with religious beliefs

1. Early Enlightenment
2. Human reason could discover the laws that ______social behavior are as scientific as laws that govern ______
3. French thinker Voltaire:

1. ______made it possible for these contradictory ideas to spread

1. Social and Economic Life
2. Bourgeoisie
3. French word for urban middle class:

1. Wealth in European cities came from ______, ______, and trade of the urban ______class
2. Partnerships between ______and governments led to joint stock companies
3. Bourgeoisie sought mutual beneficially ______with monarchs this creates joint stock companies
4. These companies were pioneered by the ______
5. Joint Stock Companies:
6. Governments would support ______fleets
7. ______merchant fleet doubled between 1660 and 1700
8. Foreign trade rose 50% as a result and revenue tripled

1. Peasants and Laborers
2. African slaves in the ______greatly contributed to ______’s economy
3. Slaves from Africa briefly ______around 1500
4. After 1600 Europe shipped all slaves to the ______
5. By 1700 rural poor people in Europe were fighting ______
6. ______and ______sustained life
7. Most people who planted and harvested crops could not ______to eat it
8. Forests were shrinking, fear of shortage for ships, price of wood rose
9. Deforestation had an effect on the rural poor relying on ______, ______, wild game

1. Political Innovation
2. State Development
3. ______Germany rebelled against ______France
4. Germany sided with ______, many German princes opposed Catholic doctrine and hid Luther from the ______
5. The Peace of Augsburg:

1. Spain and France defended Catholic beliefs suppressing ______and ______practices
2. Bringing about the ______
3. Suspected evil heretics found themselves accused of heresy which is punishable by ______
4. Rulers of Spain, France, and England pursued political ______

1. Religious Practices
2. Henry VIIIwas a devout Catholic who defended the Catholic Church against Luther and Erasmus
3. Earned the title “______”
4. Was married to Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess
5. The problem was that after years of marriage, the couple only had the princess Mary and Henry wanted a son – ______
6. Kept the new church closely tied to ______
7. ______declared himself head of Church of England
8. Spain and France defended______against ______
9. Monarchies
10. King Charles I of ______evades Parliament for 11 years
11. He orders leading critics in the ______to be arrested-this begins the ______
12. 1649 Parliament orders ______to be executed
13. ______established puritan republic in England
14. Glorious Revolution of 1688:

1. Most ______monarch, led France during a time of great power, glory, and prosperity
2. As a young boy, Louis had to flee ______due to noble rebellions
3. Louis never again trusted the nobility
4. Louis made all the military, political, and economic decisions
5. Louis built the enormous palace of ______twelve miles outside of Paris and moved the gov’t there
6. Required his nobles to either live there or visit regularly

1. Warfare and Diplomacy
2. Cannon, muskets, and foot soldiers were common
3. Spanish Armada:

1. Four powers of Europe—

1. Comparative Perspective
2. Printing Press, Marine compass, and cannonry propelled Europe into a golden age

CHAPTER 17: THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETIES, 1530 – 1770

1. Columbian Exchange
2. Demographic changes
3. Columbian Exchange:

1. lack of ______to diseases in the New World

--diseases:

1. Diseases clearly undermined the natives ability to resist settlements and accelerated cultural change

1. Transfer of plants and animals
2. American food to Europe—

1. European livestock to America—

1. Colony:

1. Mercantilism:

1. Positives: Negatives:

1. Countries strived to have a favorable balance of trade (______more than ______)

1. Spanish America and Brazil
2. State and Church
3. ______tried to exert direct control from Spanish crown to colonies
4. Communication was difficult, solution—viceroys:

1. Catholic church role:

1. Bartolome de las Casas:

1. Colonial Economies
2. Economies of Latin America were dominated by ______mines in Peru and ______plantations of Brazil
3. Forced labor system of economienda:

1. Mita system in Peru—

1. Portuguese set up slave trade in ______because ______(more expensive) were immune to Old World diseases
2. Large export of ______goods, small import of ______goods

1. Society in Colonial Latin America
2. Social classes in Latin America—pure Spanish Americans, American born Spanish descendants ______, Americans. Spanish born—government, church, business/American born descendants—agriculture and mining

1. Some free black helped with Spanish conquest; ______had a low legal status in the colonies

1. Mixed European and Amerindian descent ______, European and African descent ______, African and Amerindians descent ______.

1. English and French Colonies in North America
2. Early English Experiments
3. Failure of Roanoke Island:

1. Failure of Newfoundland:

1. The South
2. ______established Jamestown; establishment of ______plantations
3. Tobacco and impact:

1. Indentured servants:

1. were staple of ______area

1. New England
2. Pilgrims wanted to break completely from the Church of ______
3. Massachusetts Bay Company formed by the ______
4. Mid Atlantic
5. ______Island was colonized by Dutch
6. Pennsylvania was colonized by the ______
7. Impact:

1. French America
2. French were committed to missionary work and trade of ______
3. ______caused conflict over hunting grounds

1. Colonial Expansion and Conflict
2. Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil
3. Influence of ______power threatened power of Spanish and Portuguese monarchies
4. Brazil’s economic expansion due to:

1. Reform and Reorganization in British America
2. Colonists overthrew governors at ______and Massachusetts

1. Comparative Perspectives
2. Political and Economical
3. ______became the wealthiest power from the colonies
4. Environmental and Cultural
5. All colonies lost natural resources due to European markets
6. Catholic nations were more uniform in their colonies

NOTES

CHAPTER 18: THE ATLANTIC SYSTEM OF AFRICA

1. Plantations in the West Indies
2. Colonization before 1650
3. Spanish settlers introduced ______cultivation
4. French settlers based on tobacco cultivation
5. Tobacco development:

1. Indentured servants:

1. Sugar industries in ______:

1. Sugar and Slaves
2. Caribbean countries moved from ______industry to ______industry.
3. This shift causes a significant increase in ______

1. Plantation life in 18th century
2. Technology and the Environment
3. Expenses of sugar production led to large ______
4. Slaves’ Lives
5. Slaves were rewarded for good work or punished harshly for failure to meet quotas or resistance
6. Slaves cultivated their own crops and did their chores on Sundays
7. Disease and harsh work conditions led to high ______rates therefore ______slaves had to be shipped from Africa
8. Free Whites and Free Blacks
9. Only very wealthy men could afford ______.
10. Wealth became political power both in the colonies and ______Parliament
11. Slave owners who fathered children from slave women would give the woman and the child freedom (______)
12. Another group of free blacks were runaway slaves called ______
13. Creating the Atlantic Economy
14. Capitalism and Mercantilism
15. Monopoly control from the European countries was not working; they turned to ______and ______.
16. These protected private enterprises in the Atlantic economy
17. Capitalism included:

1. Mercantilism promotes private ______and capital from ______metals
2. Dutch were ______from competition in the New World by the ______and ______by war and high tariffs

1. Atlantic Circuit
2. Trade routes going from Europe to Africa to the plantations of the colonies and back to Europe
3. Chartered companies (17th century) and private traders (18th century) would transport the slaves
4. 1808:

1. 1 out of 6 slaves died on the Middle Passage:

1. Triangle Trade:

1. Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam
2. The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast
3. African countries raised the price of ______as the demand rose
4. Europeans would trade ______for slaves; causing ______in Africa
5. Slaves were mostly ______
6. Comparative Perspectives
7. Economic Comparisons
8. Europe colonized Caribbean islands which were transformed under capitalism
9. British, in the Caribbean, switched from indentured servants to slavery
10. Cultural Comparisons
11. All West Indian countries were affected by the introduction of European and African goods and trade

NOTES:

CHAPTER 19: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN

1. Ottoman Empire to 1750
2. Expansion and Frontiers
3. ______established the Ottoman Empire in 1300. He and successors captured the Byzantine capital of ______
4. Egypt and Syria, Algeria and Tunis, Belgrade and Rhodes all were added to the Ottoman Empire
5. Ottomans fought with______and forced the Venetians to pay ______.
6. Ottomans fought with Muslims merchants to drive out ______in the Red Sea
7. Central Institutions
8. Ottomans forced Balkan Christian men to fight:

1. Military class was the only class ______from taxation
2. The sultan supplied justice and defense for the commoners (______) and the commoners supplied taxes to support the military.

1. Crisis of Military State
2. Janissaries impact on society:

1. Calvary ______as firearms become more prevalent
2. The use of short term mercenaries brought rebellions
3. ______begin to overtake empire:

1. Economic Change and Growing Weakness
2. Sultan secluded himself and the ______became political elite
3. Europeans were finding other countries to trade with:

1. Safavid Empire 1502-1722
2. The Rise of the Safavids
3. ______declared himself shah of Iran in 1502 and ordered all followers ______Muslims
4. Iran became increasingly tense with its Sunni neighbors
5. Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul
6. ______was a busy port city
7. ______was an inland city with few Europeans
8. ______in both cities were confined to the home
9. Economic Crises and Population Collapse
10. Manufactures included ______and ______with small productivity
11. The expense of ______forced the Safavids to establish a slave corp of soldiers
12. Decline of overland trade brought the capture of Isfahan in ______.
13. Mughal Empire 1526-1761
14. Political Foundations
15. ______and ______establish this empire
16. ______empire relied on Europeans to be their navy
17. Central Decay and Regional Challenges
18. Cities were ______and could not unite
19. French intruded and dominated the trade in ______
20. Maritime Worlds of Islam
21. Muslims in Southeast Asia
22. Islam spread throughout these countries by ______trade
23. The people of these countries developed ______to their own understanding
24. European Powers and Southern Seas
25. Dutch drove out Portuguese in ______and established their colonial capital at ______
26. European merchants came to Southeast Asia.
27. Dutch could not control monopoly on ______and turned to lumber and coffee.

NOTES:

CHAPTER 20: NORTHERN EURASIA, 1500-1800

1. Japanese Reunification
2. Civil War and Invasion of Korea
3. Japan came under control of warlords called ______
4. Hideyoshi lead an invasion of ______
5. Hideyoshi died and Japan and Korea made peace
6. Tokugawa Shogunate
7. In 1600, Tokugawa brought all local ______under his administration
8. Tokugawa land system:

1. Japanese Emperor had ______political power

1. Japan and the Europeans
2. Jesuits were successful at converting ______in Japan
3. Rebellion in 1630 was blamed on the ______
4. 1649:

1. Elite Decline and Social Crisis
2. The system instilled by the Tokugawa depended on merchants giving ______
3. Population growth put strain on ______economy
4. Decentralization in Japan led to:

1. Later Ming and Early Qing Empires
2. The Ming Empire, 1500-1644
3. Climate change led to:

1. Silver from the New World brought to China ______the market

1. Ming Collapse and Rise of the Qing
2. ______overthrew the Ming in 1644 Qing dynasty claimed China for its own
3. Ming suffered from invaders on its borders
4. Ming also suffered financially:

1. ______family ruled the Qing Empire

1. Trading Companies and Missionaries
2. Chinese only allowed limited access in ______trade
3. Jesuits converted Chinese ______
4. Emperor Kangxi
5. ______becomes ruler at 16
6. During his reign the Qing dynasty incorporated many foreign ideas and technologies in their advancement:

1. Jesuits converted Chinese and let them have their ______beliefs

1. Chinese Influence on Europe
2. The wealth of the Qing dynasty attracted a lot of trade from Europe:

1. Tea and Diplomacy
2. Foreign trade could only come through one city(______); this was successful until 1700
3. Foreign countries(______, ______, ______) tried to amend this policy with no success

1. Russian Empire
2. Drive across Northern Asia
3. ______took control of Russia after the rule of the Mongols
4. Russia only could expand ______because ______was already civilized
5. Russian Society and Politics
6. Cossacks:

1. Russian aristocrats: ______put Romanov in power
2. ______takes power in 1613 and takes most of the freedoms away from the peasants
3. 1649 peasants were made into ______

1. Peter the Great
2. Fought to gain a port in the ______and to free ______of Muslim rule
3. Great Northern War was won and Peter built the capital of ______
4. Attempted to modernize Russia building ______plants and strengthen the ______
5. Consolidation of the Empire
6. Russians dominated the North Pacific with natural resources of Siberia:

1. During Catherine the Great Russia was the largest ______empire

1. Comparative Perspectives
2. Political Comparison
3. Between 1500 and 1800 China and Russia grew dramatically
4. Japan failed to add colonies to its empire
5. Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons
6. Russia and China both tolerated diversity and promoted cultural assimilation
7. Russian and Chinese leaders both used foreign ideas but saw their culture as superior

NOTES: