Chapter 16 Notes: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
Part 1: Periods of European Overseas Empires
-Since the Renaissance, European contacts with the rest of the world have gone through four stages:
-1) European discovery, exploration: ______
-This phase witnessed penetration of Southeast Asian markets by Portugal and the Netherlands
-This established major imperial outposts: ______
-This stage ended in the late 17th century
-2) This was of mercantile empires and was one of colonial trade rivalry: ______
-Differing goals sparked intense rivalry and conflict in key imperial trouble spots
-As a result, imperial ventures often led to: ______
-This was also the era that slavery increased greatly, with European powers creating economies based on slave labor
-This era closed in: ______
-3) The third stage occurred in: ______
-During this period, European governments carved out formal empires in Africa and Asia
-The bases of these new empires were trade, national honor: ______
-Unlike the previous two eras, this era was based on free labor, though there was still harsh treatment
-4) The last era occurred during the: ______
-During this era, decolonization began
-This was due to the political dominance: ______
-The indigenous people became fed up with the harsh treatment and revolted
-Before this, the Europeans were able to:______
Part 2: Mercantile Empires
-The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) established the boundaries of empire: ______
-Spain controlled almost all of mainland South America, Florida, Mexico, CA, and the Southwest, Central America, and the islands to the southeast of Florida
-Britain controlled colonies along: ______
-France controlled much of the American Midwest and some Caribbean islands
-The Dutch controlled some major trade areas within: ______
I.Mercantilist Goals
-Mercantilism was the driving force behind: ______
-This was the practical creed of hard-headed businesspeople
-Basically, it was the idea that a nation had to gain a favorable: ______
-Mercantilists saw the world as an arena of scarce resources that one must fight for control over
-Mercantilists believed that only slow economic growth was possible unless: ______
-This idea led to the practice of colonies providing for the home country, allowing it to prosper, and in return receiving protection
-National monopoly was the ruling principle and colonies were to: ______
-The problem was that the economies didn’t mesh well and colonies started trading w/ one another
II.French-British Rivalry
-Colonists from both areas constantly clashed w/ each other over: ______
-The West Indies were the biggest problem as the French and British fought over the valuable resources there
-India was another source of rivalry b/c it was seen as an eventual: ______
Part 3: The Spanish Colonial System
- Colonial Government
-Because Queen Isabella of Castile had commissioned Columbus, the link: ______
-This meant the Castile line had few limitations and it assigned the gov’t in America
-The monarchy used patronage, or appointing people wanting: ______
-All power structure flowed downward from Castile so in effect, no local government existed or was actually in control
- Trade Regulation
-Colonial political structures functioned largely to: ______
-Spain maintained a trade monopoly w/ its colonies and trade was closely regulated
-Spanish fleets would carry goods to the New World and these fleets were: ______
-Spain prohibited the colonists from trading within the American Empire
-Foreign merchants were also prohibited from: ______
- Colonial Reform Under the Spanish Bourbon Monarchs
-A crucial change occurred in the Spanish colonial: ______
-The War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) and the Treaty of Utrecht replaced the Spanish Habsburgs w/ the Bourbons of France
-Philip V (r. 1700-1746) and his successors tried to use French administrative skills to: ______
-Under Philip, Spanish patrol vessels tried to: ______
-The great mid-century wars exposed the weaknesses of the Spanish empire to naval attack
-This convinced many that the: ______
-Charles III (r. 1759-1788) attempted to reassert Spanish control of the empire
-He abolished the monopolies and allowed: ______
-To increase the efficiency of tax collection and end corruption, Charles introduced: ______
-The reforms, however, brought the empire more fully under direct Spanish control
-More and more people born in Spain were: ______
-As a result, creoles (persons of European descent born in the Spanish colonies) felt like second class citizens
-Their discontent led to wars of: ______
Part 4: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
-Slavery had existed throughout: ______
-However, before the 18th century, little or no moral stigma was attached to slave owning
-Slavery had a continuous: ______
-Importing slaves from Africa started in the 15th century
-In the 16th century, slave labor became essential for the European colonies in the New World and slave owning: ______
I.The African Presence in the Americas
-Once the Spanish and Portuguese began to settle: ______
-They and most of the later French and English settlers had no intention of doing the hard labor themselves
-At first, they used Native Americans but during the 16th century: ______
-As a result, the Spanish and Portuguese turned to African slaves
-Settlers in the English colonies turned more slowly to slavery but soon: ______
-The major source for slaves were slave markets on the west African coast
-Slavery and an extensive slave trade had: ______
-Internal affairs in Africa made many Africans willing to sell their own people
-Europeans did not usually forcefully take slaves, rather they: ______
1.The West Indies, Brazil, and Sugar
-Far more slaves were imported into the West Indies and: ______
-Slavery entered the British colonies in 1619 but slavery had existed for 50 years prior in the West Indies and South America
-Africans had a major social presence in these areas and their presence and: ______
-Soon, Africans in these areas outnumbered whites and a multiracial society was created
-The cultivation of sugar was a major reason why slavery: ______
-Sugar was a labor-intensive crop and since the European markets were demanding sugar, plantation owners needed more slaves for more crops and more money
-By the close of the 17th century, the Caribbean islands were the world center: ______
-The 18th century required more slaves and it became a major period of importation
-Other crops required slavery, such as tobacco and coffee, and so did gold mining: ______
-In Brazil and the West Indies and the southern British colonies, prosperity and slavery went hand in hand
-The 18th century was when most slaves arrived to the New World, w/ as: ______
-It has been estimated that at one point, 90% of Jamaica’s population were slaves
-Newly imported Africans were needed b/c the fertility rate of the earlier: ______
-The West Indies were particularly harsh to maintain a stable slave population
-The conditions there led to high rates of mortality and new slaves had: ______
-One result of all this was that slaves were now African-born instead of African descent
-This had a major impact on the: ______
II.Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy
-Different nations dominated the: ______
-The Portuguese and Spanish ruled in the 16th, the Dutch in the 17th, and the English in the 18th
-Slavery touched most of the transatlantic world: ______
-European goods were carried to Africa to be exchanged for slaves, then slaves were taken to the New World in exchange for raw materials, which were then shipped to Europe
-At various times, the prosperity of major European: ______
-All the shippers who handled cotton, tobacco and sugar depended on slavery
-Political turmoil rocked Africa in the 18th century, especially in: ______
-The tribes would sell their captives or have slave raids in order to fund the war
-As a result, warfare in West Africa and the economic development of: ______
III.The Experience of Slavery
-The European slave traders forcibly transported several: ______
-The travel conditions were horrible – cramped quarters, bad food, disease, heat, etc.
-In the Americas, slave groups were divided between: ______
-Africans accustomed to slavery were preferred, as they already knew the way of life, and they were more expensive
-New slaves had to go through a period of “seasoning” during which: ______
-Some slaves worked in a kind of apprentice relationship to an older African slave of a similar background
-Others were broken into slave: ______
-Generally, North American plantation owners were only willing to purchase such recently arrived Africans seasoned in the West Indies
- Conversion to Christianity
-Most African slaves transported to the Americas were, like the: ______
-In the Spanish, French and Portuguese areas, they became Catholics
-In the English colonies: ______
-Both forms of Christianity preached to slaves to accept both their slavery and natural social hierarchy with their masters on top
2.European Racial Attitudes
-The Europeans usually were very: ______
-Many Europeans considered Africans to be savages or less than civilized
-Many looked down on them just because they were slaves: ______
-Race was an important element in keeping black slaves in subservience
Part 5: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
-From the standpoint of international relations, the state system in the 18th century: ______
-Statesmen of the period thought warfare could further national interests
-No forces or powers really saw it in their: ______
-Wars rarely affected the civilian population until the French Revolution, so many people viewed war in a positive way
-Two areas of great rivalry were overseas: ______
I.The War of Jenkins’ Ear
-By this time, the West Indies had become a: ______
-The Spanish patrolled the area, looking for British vessels that were smuggling goods
-In 1731, the Spanish boarded a British vessel and there was a fight: ______
-In 1738, Jenkins used his ear as evidence that the Spanish were committing atrocities
-Britain and Spain went to war in 1739, and while minor, it: ______
II.The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
-In December 1740, after being king of Prussia for less than 7 months, Frederick II (r. 1740-1786): ______
-This invasion shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction and upset the continental balance of power
-Frederick saw the House of Habsburg as another German state: ______
- Maria Theresa Preserves the Habsburg Empire
-Maria Theresa (r. 1740-1780) was more interested in preserving: ______
-She was only 23 and had just gained control two months before the invasion
-She won loyalty through her heroism and by: ______
-She allowed some nobility autonomy, which preserved the Empire but cost the central monarchy some power
2. France Draws Great Britain into the War
-The war over the Austrian Succession and the British-Spanish dispute could: ______
-The French nobility convinced Cardinal Fleury to not attack Britain but instead to support Prussia against Austria
-This had a few results:
-First, it made Prussia strong and: ______
-Second, it brought Britain into war as Britain wanted to: ______
-Later, the French supported the Spanish against the British in the New World
-As a result, the French were stretched too thin and the: ______
III. The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756
-The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (ended the two wars) had brought peace in Europe: ______
-George II (r. 1727-1760), who was also the Elector of Hanover, was worried that the French would attack Germany in response to the conflicts in America
-In 1756, Britain and Prussia signed the Convention of Westminster, which was a: ______
-Frederick II liked this alliance b/c he feared: ______
-This meant that Britain, a traditional friend of Austria, now had made an alliance w/ Austria’s enemy
-Maria Theresa was very unhappy about this, but her foreign minister: ______
-He thought this would allow for an alliance w/ France, which it eventually did
-France would now fight to restore: ______
- The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
- Frederick the Great Opens Hostilities
-Frederick II started the Seven Years’ war: ______
-He considered this a preemptive strike against a conspiracy by Saxony, Austria and France to destroy Prussia
-The invasion created the destructive alliance Frederick feared and in 1757: ______
-Two factors saved Prussia:
- First, Britain furnished: ______
- Second, in 1762, Empress Elizabeth of Russia died (r. 1741-1762) whose successor was Peter III who admired Frederick greatly
-Russia made peace with Prussia, allowing Frederick: ______
-The Treaty of Hubertusburg in 1763 ended the continental conflict with no major territorial changes
- William Pitt’s Strategy for Winning North America
-William Pitt(1708-1778) became Secretary of State in: ______
-He regarded the German conflict as a way to divert French resources and attention from the colonial struggle
-North America was Pitt’s real concern b/c he wanted all of: ______
-He sent more than 40k regular troops, both British and colonial, against the French in Canada
-Pitt actually received unprecedented cooperation from the American colonists: ______
-The French gov’t was unwilling to dedicate so many resources to fighting in North America
-As a result, the French army in America was weak and the British were: ______
-The British also wanting French trading routes and were able to gain control of the French West Indies and India
- The Treaty of Paris of 1763
-George III (r. 1760-1820) disliked Pitt and: ______
-In the peace settlement, Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River valley, and the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley
-The Seven Year’s War was a complete world war with tens of thousands of: ______
-France was no longer a world power, and Prussia was gaining power in Europe
-In India, the British East India Company tried to impose its own authority on the indigenous: ______
-The British had to organize their new territories in North America
-The war also convinced the: ______
-Major powers in Europe had to increase revenues to pay for debt, which caused major problems for these nations
Part 6: The American Revolution and Europe
- Resistance to the Imperial Search for Revenue
-After the Treaty of Paris, the British gov’t faced two problems:
-First, the cost of maintaining: ______
-The British thought it was obvious for the American colonies to pay for the war debt…
-Second, the vast territory in: ______
-The British drive for revenue started in 1764 w/ the Sugar Act: ______
-This act tried to collect more taxes on imports, although the tax itself was lower than before
-The next year, Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which put a tax on legal: ______
-The British considered both of these acts to be legal since the Parliament had approved the decision to collect the taxes
-The Americans responded that they alone: ______
-Also, they said they weren’t represented in Parliament and therefore, Parliament could not pass laws dealing w/ the colonies
-In 1765, the Stamp Act Congress met in America and: ______
-The colonists agreed to refuse to import British goods and in 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, although a Declaratory Act said Parliament had the power to legislate for the colonies
- The Crisis and Independence
-In 1767, Charles Townshend (1725-1767), the British finance minister, led: ______
-The colonists once again resisted and Townshend sent over its own customs agents to enforce the new laws
-To protect the agents, the British: ______
-In 1770, the Boston Massacre took place, during which British soldiers fired on five citizens, killing them
-The same year, Parliament repealed the: ______
-In 1773, Parliament passed a new tea act, which lowered the price of tea while keeping the tax intact
-In some cities, the colonists still refused to pay the tax and in Boston: ______
-Lord North (1732-1792) was determined to assert the authority of Parliament over the colonies
-In 1774, Parliament passed what became: ______
-These closed the port of Boston, reorganized the gov’t of Massachusetts and allowed troops to quartered in private homes
-The British also passed the Quebec Act, which extended the: ______
-The colonists saw this as a threat since they wanted to continue to move west
-During these years, citizens critical of British policy had: ______
-In 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia: ______
-By April 1775, the battles of Lexington and Concord had been fought and in June, the Battle of Bunker Hill occurred
-The colonists still sought reconciliation and in May 1775: ______
-But, George III declared the colonies in rebellion
-Thomas Paine (1737-1809) wrote Common Sense which helped to: ______
-A colonial army and navy were formed and on July 4, 1776 the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
-The War of the American Revolution continued until 1781: ______
-The war had become a world affair when Benjamin Franklin convinced the French to help U.S. and the Spanish joined too
- American Political Ideas
-The political ideas of the Americans had evolved out of: ______
-The Americans had adopted many of the English ideas on political liberties and John Locke’s ideas as well
-Americans also had strong republican beliefs from: ______
-Many of these men viewed parliamentary taxation as a means of financing political corruption
-In Britain, these ideas had: ______
-But in the American colonies, they had a huge impact and the colonists accepted the ideas at face value
-The policies of Great Britain toward the American colonies after the Treaty of Paris in 1763: ______
-All of these events coincided with George III’s accession to the throne
- Events in Great Britain
-George III believed that powerful Whig families had become: ______
-When Pitt resigned, George appointed the Earl of Bute (of Treaty of Paris fame) who was against the Whigs
-The problem was that George couldn’t get: ______
-The Whigs claimed that he was becoming a tyrant, but he was only trying to restore more royal influence