Chapter 14 Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems

Chapter 14 Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems

Lesson 1

The Skeletal System

Skeletal System

-  ______bones and the attached connective tissue

-  connective tissues ______bones, attach bone to bone, and attach bones to muscles

-  the tiniest bone in your body is found in the ______and measures 0.25 cm long

Functions

·  ______

·  ______

·  ______

·  ______

·  ______

·  ______

Bones

·  made up of ______tissues formed into different layers

·  ______layer is hard, densely packed, compact bone

·  beneath is ______bone, a less dense bone with a network or cavities filled with red bone marrow, where blood cells are produced

·  some bones contain yellow bone marrow, a type of connective tissue that stores ______

·  categorized by their shape: ______, short, ______and ______

·  bones continue to grow, both in length and thickness, until approximately age ______→ bones may continue to ______

Connective Tissue

·  3 types:

o  ______

§  strong, flexible connective tissue that can act as a cushion between two bones to reduce friction

§  acts as flexible structure → tip of nose, outer ear

§  all bones in the ______begin as cartilage

§  early in development ______occurs – process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired

o  ______

§  band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to ______

§  attaches bones to create joints

o  ______

§  fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone

*  muscles contract to move parts of the body

Joints

·  points where bones ______

·  not all joints move – immovable = joints between the bones of the skull, joints in the pelvis and joints between the teeth and the mandible, or lower jaw, and the maxilla, or upper jaw

·  flexible joints (freely movable):

§  Ball-and-socket

-  consists of one bone with a rounded end and another cupped bone that it fits into, allowing a full range of motion

-  the shoulder and hip

§  Hinge

-  Just like a door hinge in the human body

-  allowing extension but not rotation

-  Elbows, knees, and ankles

§  Pivot

-  the rounded end of a single bone fits into the ring of a tendon, allowing rotation

-  at the base of the neck

§  Gliding

-  characterized by bones that slide or twist against each other but cannot move in a circular direction

-  wrists, ankles, and vertebrae

·  There are two lesser-known types of joints in addition to the four major ones: condyloid joints and saddle joints. Condyloid joints, such as the joints in between the fingers, allow angular movement but not rotation. The saddle joint is a complex interaction between two complementary bones and only occurs at the base of the thumb.

Skeletal System Care

-  eat ______

o  foods high in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus help prevent skeletal disorders

-  get regular ______

o  weight-bearing exercise (walking, weight training) helps bones stay strong

-  get regular ______

o  screen for ______ – a lateral or side-to-side curvature of the spine

-  wear ______during sports to reduce fractures

Skeletal Problems

·  Fractures

-  any type of break in a bone

-  ______fracture: broken end of bone breaks through the skin

-  ______fracture: broken bone does not break through the skin

-  classifications of fractures:

o  ______fractures – parts of bone do not separate

o  ______fractures – fracture ______across bone

o  ______fractures – bone shatters into more than two pieces

·  Joint Injuries

-  can occur from overuse, strain, or disease

-  typical joint injuries:

o  dislocation

§  bone slips out of place, tearing the ______

§  doctor should reset a joint and immobilize until ligaments heal

o  ______

§  result from sharp blow or severe twisting

§  arthroscopic surgery usually used to remove damaged cartilage

o  bursitis

§  painful inflammation of a ______– a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction in joints

o  ______

§  painful swellings of the bursa in the first joint of the big ______

§  ill-fitting shoes make it worse

§  large bunions may require surgery

o  arthritis

§  ______of a joint

§  results from an injury, natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease

·  ______

-  result from prolonged, repeated ______(sewing, computer work)

o  ______syndrome

§  ligaments and tendons in the ______swell, causing numbness, a tingling sensation in the thumb and forefinger, pain, and weakness in the hand

·  Osteoporosis

-  a progressive loss of ______tissue

-  bone weaken and become ______

-  affects millions of older Americans

-  ______behaviors during ______years can reduce your risk of developing it later in life

-  detected through a ______

The Muscular System

What Muscles Do

-  muscles are ______; they stretch to allow a wide range of motion

-  move bones or organs to which they are attached → allows movement

-  ______muscles: are always at work even without you knowing it → helps you ______, make your heart beat, move food through your ______system

-  ______muscles: those muscles you are under ______control of, you are aware of controlling them → movement

How Muscles Work

-  muscles are made up of hundreds of long cells called muscle ______

-  major muscles made up of hundreds of bundles of these fibers

-  bundles stimulated by ______impulses , or signals → they contract or shorten

-  when ______→ bundles extend, or stretch

Types of Muscles

·  ______muscles

-  muscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageways and hollow internal organs

-  found in the digestive tract, ______, lining of the blood vessels and passageways that lead into the ______

-  involuntary

·  ______muscles

-  muscles attached to bone that cause body movements

-  tissue has striated, or striped, appearance under a microscope

-  most common type of muscle

-  almost all under ______control

-  work together and perform ______actions to produce movement = one contracts while another ______

-  ______– muscle that closes a joint

-  ______– muscle that opens a joint

·  ______muscle

-  type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the ______

-  involuntary

-  heart contracts rhythmically about ______times each day to pump blood through body

Muscle Care

·  ______…muscles that remain unused for long periods of time will ______, or decrease in size and strength

·  eat high protein foods to build muscle

·  ______

·  use proper equipment and wear appropriate clothing to protect muscles during any physical activity

·  ______

Muscular Problems

·  bruises

-  areas of discolored skin that appear after an injury

-  ______beneath skin rupture and leak

-  treat with ______to reduce initial swelling

·  ______

-  muscles are stretched or partially torn

-  use the P.R.I.C.E. method to treat

·  tendonitis

-  inflammation of a ______

-  caused by injury, overuse or ______

-  treatment: ______or anti-inflammatory medication

·  ______

-  an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle

-  commonly occur in ______from straining to lift a heavy object

-  surgery may be required to repair

·  muscular dystrophy

-  ______disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed

-  ______cure

-  early detection can delay muscle weakness through ______