Unit 4 – The Nation Expands and Changes
Chapter 11 – The North and South Take Different Paths
- Industrial Revolution-gradual process which machines replaced hand
tools
- factory system-method of producing goods that brought workers
and machinery together in one place
- capitalist-person who invests in a business to make a profit
- Francis Cabot Lowell-built an improved version of England’s textile
machines
- mass production-the rapid manufacturing of large numbers of
identical objects
- interchangeable parts-identical machine-made parts for a tool or
instrument
- urbanization-the growth of cities due to the movement of
people from rural areas to cities
- telegraph-device using electronic signals to send messages
quickly over long distances through wires
- Samuel F.B. Morse-devised a code using shorter and longer burst of
electricity
- famine-widespread starvation
- nativist-people who wanted to preserve the country for
white, American-born Protestants
- discrimination-denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain
groups of people
- cotton gin-machine which used a spiked cylinder for removal
of seeds from cotton fibers
- slave code-laws that controlled every aspect of the lives of
enslaved African Americans
- spirituals-religious folk songs that blended biblical themes
with the realities of slavey
- Nat Turner-led the most famous slave revolt (1831) he said he
had visions telling him to kill whites; 60 whites were killed in the revolt
- Daniel Boone-famous pioneer of the western frontier
- canal-a channel that is dug across land and filled with
water
- Henry Clay-Senator who persuaded Congress to adopt the
Missouri Compromise in 1820
- spinning jenny-machine developed in 1764 that could spin several
threads at once
- capital-money raised for a business venture
- flatboat-boat with a flat bottom used for transporting heavy
loads on inland waterways
- turnpike-road built by a private company that charges a toll
to use it
- Lancaster Turnpike-road built in the 1790s by a private company,
linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania
- corduroy road-road made of logs
- National Road-first federally funded national road project (1811)
- Clermont-(1807) steamboat built by Robert Fulton, first to be
Commercially successful in American waters
- Erie Canal-(1825) artificial waterway opened linking Lake Erie
to the Hudson River
- sectionalism-loyalty to a state or section rather than a whole
country
- Republic of Great Columbia-independent state composed of the present-day
Nations of Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama, established in 1819
- United Provinces of Central
America-(1823) federation established containing the
present-day nations of Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
- interstate commerce-improvements to roads, bridges, and canals
- Creole-person born in Spain’s American colonies to
Spanish parents
- Negro Fort-settlement of fugitive African American slaves in
the Spanish colony of Florida
- Monroe Doctrine-President Monroe’s foreign policy statement
warning European nations not to interfere in Latin America
- intervention-direct involvement
- locomotive-engine that pulls a railroad train
- clipper ship-fast-sailing ship of the mid 1800s
- artisan-skilled worker
- trade union-association of trade workers formed to gain higher
wages and better working conditions
- strike-refusal by workers to do their jobs until their
demands are met
- Know-Nothing Party-political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic
and anti-immigrant
- boom-period of swift economic growth
- cultivate-to prepare and use land for planting crops
- “cottonocracy”-name for the wealthy planters who made their
money from cotton in the mid 1800s
Unit 4 – The Nation Expands and Changes
Chapter 11 – North and South Take Different Paths (1800-1845)
Section 1 – The Industrial Revolution
Obj: to identify the Industrial Revolution and explain its affects on the United States; to describe why Lowell, MA was called a model factory town and daily life in early factories;, and to understand the impact it had on American cities
Unlike American Revolution, it had not battles or fixed dates
- Before 1800s
- Americans were farmers
- Most goods produced by hand
- The Revolution:
- Slowly changed manufacturing when machines replaced hand tools
- New Technology:
- New machines transform textile industry
- 1764 – James Hargreaves – spinning jenny
- 1780s- Edmund Cartwright – water-powered loom
- The Factory System-
- New inventions led to a new system of production
- Large machines could not be worked on at home
- Near large mills near rivers
- Large amounts of capital needed to operate and set up mills
- Capitalists supplied money
- Built factories
- Hired workers
- Workers and machinery in one place to produce goods
- Workers earned daily or weekly salaries
- Worked a set number of hours a day
- Daily Life During the Industrial Revolution:
- Most mill owners hired mostly women and children
- Worked for half the pay of men
- Child Labor –
- Boys and girls
- As young as seven
- Wages needed to help support the family
- Long Hours –
- 12 hours a day, 6 days a week
- Industries grew, competition increased
- Employers took less interest in welfare of workers
- Working conditions grew worse
- Changes in Home Life –
- As factory system spread – more family members left home to earn a living
- Women’s role affected
- Had to go out to work
- Husband could not support family
- Only wealthy lucky
- Factories of the 1840s and 1850s very different from mills of the early 1800s
- Factories larger and used steam-powered machines
- Laborers worked longer hours for lower wage
- Workers lived in dark, dingy houses in the shadow of the factory
- Change in values
- Emphasis on mass production
- Workers felt differently about their jobs
- No longer proud of their work
- Factory owner more interested in how much rather than how well it was made
- Workers could not be creative
- As need for work increased, entire families labored in factories
- Factory work began 4 am and ended 7:30 pm
- Hazards at work
- Discomfort and danger
- Few had windows or heating systems
- No safety devices
- Accidents common
- No laws regulating factory conditions and injured workers often lost their jobs
- Poor working conditions and low wages led workers to organize
- First workers to organize were artisans.
- Artisans in each trade united to form trade unions
- Would strike until demands were met
- Won better pay because factory owners needed their skills
- New England textile mill workers, most women, protested cuts in wages and unfair working conditions
- Example: Lowell Female Labor Reform Association
- A Revolution Crosses the Atlantic:
- Britain wanted to keep new technology secret (new textile machinery)
- Did not want rival nations to copy it
- Parliament made it illegal for anyone to take plans out of country
- Samuel Slater
- Skilled mechanic in British textile mill
- Heard Americans offering large rewards for British factory plans
- Decides to leave Britain
- Memorized design of machines
- Avoided getting caught with any documents
- Pawtucket, RI – Slater built the first factory in the US
- Interchangeable Parts-
- Eli Whitney – inventor
- Americans benefited
- First guns
- The trigger
- Parts interchangeable
- Saved time and money
- Idea spread quickly
- Inventors designed machines to produce interchangeable parts for:
- Clocks
- Locks
- Many other goods with parts
- Small workshops grew into factories
- Lowell, MA – A Model Factory Town
- Francis Cabot Lowell, a Boston merchant
- Improved on British textile mills
- After his death, partners built an entire factory town in his name
- The Lowell Girls – young women who worked in the new mills
Chapter 11 – The North and South Take Different Paths
Section 2 – The North Transformed
Obj: to describe how new inventions and improvements in transportation helped industry and cities grow; to explain how Irish and German immigrants settled in the US; to discuss discrimination against African Americans
Northern Cities
American cities had long been the centers of commerce and culture.
1790 – New York City the largest with slightly more than 33,000 people, compared to major cities of Europe it was hardly more than a town
Growth of Cities:
1800s –
- Urbanization was sparked by the Industrial Revolution
- Capitalists built more factories
- Agricultural workers attracted to new types of work in cities
- Cities on the US east coast became crowded with immigrants
- Pittsburgh, PA
- Louisville, KY
- German and Irish immigrants were increasing the size of populations
Urban Problems:
- Filthy streets
- Absence of good sewage systems
- Lack of clean drinking water
- All of the above helped spread disease
- Citywide fires another common problem
- Most structures made of wood
- Firefighters poorly trained and equipped
The Growth of Northern Industry
New inventions revolutionized communication
- The telegraph
- Invented by Samuel F.B. Morse
- Soon became part of American life
- Thousands of miles of wires set up across the nation
- East and West can communicate in hours instead of weeks
Advances in Agriculture
- Mechanical reaper
- Invented by Cyrus McCormack
- Cut stalks of wheat many times faster than a human worker could
- Farmers could cultivate more land, harvest crops with fewer workers
- Improved threshers
- Used to separate wheat from its stalk
- Wheat grain then ground into flour
- Eventually reaper and thresher put into one machine called a “combine”
Advanced in agriculture also affected industry
- Farm laborers who were replaced by machines went to cities to work in shops and factories
Advances in Manufacturing
- 1846 – sewing machine
- First invented by Elias Howe
- Later perfected by Isaac Singer, improved on Howe’s design
1860 –
Americans had over $1 billion invested in businesses
More than 90% was invested in the North
A Transportation Revolution
Improvements in transportation spurred growth of American industry
- Faster and easier
- Goods and raw materials could be shipped to farther distances
Steamboats and Clipper Ships
- 1807 – steam-powered engine
- Invented by Robert Fulton
- The Clermont
- 133 feet long
- Wooden paddles to help pull it through the water
- Side-paddle steamboats good for rivers but not oceans
- 1850 – the clipper ship
- Magnificent
- Tall, slender
- Tal masts
- Once the world’s fastest ships
- Reign brief
- Great Britain producing oceangoing steamships, ironclad, faster and could carry more cargo
Railroads
Of all forms of transportation, they did the most to tie together raw materials, manufactures, and markets.
- Steamboats negatives
- Had to follow paths of rivers
- Rivers would freeze up in cold weather
- Railroad positives
- Could be built almost anywhere
- 1828 – America’s first railroad
- Between Baltimore and Ohio
- Cars pulled by horses
- 1830 – America’s first steam locomotive
- Built by Peter Cooper
- 1840 –
- About 3,000 miles of railway track built in the US
A New Wave of Immigrants
American population grew rapidly in the 1840s
Millions of immigrants entered the US, mostly from western Europe
- Better opportunities
- Buy land cheap
- Felt their skills would serve them well
- Survival
The Great Hunger
Ireland –
- Long under British rule
- British landlords owned the best farmland
- The potato was the staple (basic food) for most of the population
- 1845-
- Potato famine
- Crop was destroyed by fungus (Bo Weevil)
- Widespread starvation
- The Great Hunger
- More than 1 million starved to death
- About 1 million more came to the US
- Farm laborers
- Men found work doing lowliest jobs in construction or laying railroad track inn the East and Midwest
- Young girls found work as household workers
German Newcomers –
- Came to the US fleeing from failed revolutions
- Unlike Irish, Germans came from many levels of society
- Most moved west and settled in the Ohio Valley or Great Lakes Region
Reaction against Immigrants
Nativists – worried about the growing foreign population
- Mostly opposed the Irish because they were Roman Catholic
- NYC – group of Nativists known as the “Know Nothings”
- Became a political party
- Did not last long
- Party split over the issue of slavery than dissolved
African Americans In the North
More than immigrants, African Americans in the North faced discrimination
- By early 1800s, slavery had ended in the North
- Free African Americans joined by new arrivals from the South
- Freedom – treatment not equal
- Often denied the right to vote
- Not allowed to work in factories or in skilled trades
- Employers preferred hiring white immigrants rather than African Americans
- Prejudice led to racial segregation
- Schools
- Public facilities
- Formed their own churches, when turned away by white congregations
- White newspapers portrayed them as inferior
- African Americans started their own publications
- Freedom’s Journal being the first in 1827 NYC
- Its editor, John B. Russwurm, one of the first African Americans to graduate from an American college
Chapter 11 – The North and South Take Different Paths
Section 3 – The Plantation South
Obj: to understand how the cotton gin improved cotton production in the South; to explain how the South became an agricultural economy; and, to describe the ways in which the South was dependent on the North; to identify the groups of white southerners who made up southern society; to describe how free African Americans were treated, to list the laws that restricted the freedom of African Americans; and, to explain how American Americans resisted slavery
- The Industrial Revolution greatly increased the demand for southern cotton
- At first, southern planters could not meet the demands of the North and Britain
- They could grow plenty of cotton, but removing the seeds from the cotton by hand was a slow process
- Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
- A single worker could do the work previously done by 50 people
- CottonKingdom and Slavery
- Cotton gin led to boom in cotton production
- 1792 – 6,000 bales
- 1850 – 2 million bales
- Planters needed to cultivate new land due to the wearing out of soil from planting cotton year after year
- After War of 1812 – cotton planters began to move to the west
- By the 1850s, cotton plantations extended from South Carolina through Alabama and Mississippi to Texas.
- This are became known as the CottonKingdom
- As CottonKingdom spread so did slavery
- An Agricultural Economy
- Cotton - South’s most profitable cash crop
- In other areas of the South major crops were:
- Rice
- Sugar cane
- Tobacco
- Nation’s livestock
- Horse breeding
- Limited Industry
- Most of the industry in the South remained small and existed only to meet the needs of a farming society
- Many successful industries
- Even so, South lagged behind the North in manufacturing
- Slavery also reduced the need for southern industry
- South mainly rural, some cities where only 8% of white southerners lived, free African Americans lived in towns and cities.
- Economically Dependent – South came to depend more and more on the North and Europe economically.
- Most white southerners did not own vast plantations, nor did they have hundreds of slaves, as is believed
- Most white southerners were not rich planters and owned no slaves at all
- Cottonocracy were wealthy families that made huge amounts of money from cotton and owned at least 50 or more slaves
- Though few in number, their views and ways of life dominated the South
- Richest planters built elegant homes and filled them with expensive furniture from Europe
- Everything about their life was lavish
- Because of their wealth, many became political leaders
- Small farmers – 75% of southern white, owned land they farmed and maybe one or two enslaved Africans. Unlike planters – they worked with their slaves in the fields.
- Poor whites – lower on the social ladder, but not as low as the blacks
- African American Southerners – both free and enslaved lived in the South. Although free, they faced harsh discrimination. The enslaved had no rights at all
- Free African Americans – most were descendants of slaves freed during and after the American Revolution. Others had bought their freedom.
- To discourage free African Americans, southern states passed laws that made life even harder
- Despite limits they were able to make lives for themselves
- 1860 – enslaved African Americans made up one third of the South’s population
- Slave Codes – laws passed to keep slaves from either rebelling or running away
- They could not gather in groups of more than three
- They could not leave their owner’s land without a written pass
- They were not allowed to own guns
- It was a crime for them to learn to read and write
- Owners thought that keeping them illiterate enough would deter them from finding their way north to freedom
- They did not have the right to testify in court, so they could not bring charges against abused by owners
- Families were hard to keep together, owners could buy and sell husbands, wives and children
- On large plantations their extended family managed to stay together more easily
- African Americans preserved their traditions through stories and songs
- By 1800s they were devout Christians
Chapter 11 – The North and South Take Different Paths
Section 4 – The Challenges of Growth
Obj: : to describe how settlers traveled west; the steps Americans took to improve their roads; and, to explain how steamboats and canals improved transportation
Settlers moving steadily westward since the 1600s
By 1820 population in some original 13 colonies declined because people moved west
Western Routes:
One route:
- The Great Wagon Road (across PA)
- South, along Wilderness Road (south)
- Through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky
Another route:
- The Great Wagon Road to Pittsburgh
- To flatboats, (south)
- The Ohio River into Indiana, Kentucky and Illinois
From Georgia and South Carolina: