AP U.S. History

Study Guide

Chapters 10 to 13

Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800

LT 10A: Describe the characteristics of the US population and major problems it faced in the 1790s.

  1. What were the largest US cities in 1790?
  2. Where did 90 percent of Americans live in the 1790s?
  3. What serious problems did the new US government face in the 1790s?
  4. Why did many European leaders hope that the US government would fail?

LT 10B: Describe the actions taken by President Washington and Congress to begin the first federal government in

1789.

  1. Why was General George Washington such a popular choice for president?
  2. To what political party did Washington belong when he ran for president?
  3. Why did only six percent of the people vote for the electors who chose the president in 1789?
  4. Where did the inauguration take place?
  5. Where was the US capital in the 1790s?
  6. Why did Washington set a precedent of formality and dignity for his social interactions with the public?
  7. What position did Thomas Jeffersonhold in the new government?
  8. What position did Alexander Hamilton hold in the new government?
  9. What position did Henry Knox hold in the new government?
  10. What position did Edmond Randolph hold in the new government?
  11. Why did Washington meet with the executive department heads in what eventually became known as the Cabinet?
  12. What was the significance of the first Congress that met in 1789?
  13. What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789?
  14. Who was John Jay?
  15. Why did several states want a Bill of Rights added to the US Constitution?
  16. What were two reasons why Madison and others argued against adding the Bill of Rights to theConstitution?
  17. How many amendments passed by Congress in 1789 were approved by the states as the Bill of Rights by1791?
  18. What rights were included in the 2nd Amendment?
  19. What rights were included in the 5th Amendment?

LT 10C: Describe the major financial issues of Washington’s first term, including Alexander Hamilton’s financial

plan,funding at par, assumption, the Residence Act, taxation policies, the Whiskey Rebellion, and the Bank of the US.

  1. What was the purpose of the Department of the Treasury, organized by Secretary of the TreasuryHamilton?
  2. Why did Secretary Hamilton propose a plan for economic development that would favor the wealthy?
  3. What were the four key parts of Hamilton’s economic program that passed in 1790 and 1791?
  4. Why did the federal government have a $54 million national debt?
  5. To whom was the national debt owed?
  6. Why had some original bond owners sold them to speculators for very low prices?
  7. Why did James Madison argue that the bonds should be paid off at full value only to the original owners and at a

reduced rate to the speculators?

  1. Why did Hamilton argue that Congress should fund the entire national debt at par(full value)?
  2. What were two reasons why Hamilton argued that Congress should assume the $22 million debts of the states?
  3. Why did the southern states not want the US to pay back the state debts?
  4. Why did the southerners agree to the full funding of the federal debt and assumption of the state debts in 1790?
  5. Why is Hamilton sometimes referred to as the “Father of the National Debt”?
  6. What was the significance of the Residence Act of 1790?
  7. Where did Washington’s second inauguration take place?
  8. Who was Benjamin Banneker?
  9. Who was Pierre-Charles L’Enfant?

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  1. Who was James Hoban?
  2. Who was the first president to live in the White House?
  3. Why did the new government need money?
  4. What were three ways that Hamilton proposed to raise the money needed by the new government?
  5. What was the significance of the tariff passed by Congress in 1789?
  6. What was the significance of the Report on Manufactures, submitted by Hamilton to Congress in 1791?
  7. Why did Hamilton propose that Congress pass “higher” protectivetariffs?
  8. Why did some Americans oppose higher tariffs?
  9. Why did Congress pass only two small increases in tariffs during Washington’s presidency?
  10. What is an excise tax?

50.What excise taxes did Congress pass in 1791 to raise money?

51.Why did farmers and whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania refuse to pay the whiskey tax?

52Why did Washington call on 13,000 militiamen to restore order among the 600 whiskey tax rebels in 1794?

  1. Why did some people oppose Washington’s use of force in the Whiskey Rebellion?
  2. Why did some people support Washington’s use of force?
  3. What was the purpose of the national bank that was proposed by Hamilton and created by Congress in 1791?
  4. Why did Jefferson, Madison, and others oppose the national bank?
  5. Why did Jefferson argue that the national bank was unconstitutional?
  6. What is meant by a strict construction of the Constitution?
  7. Why did Hamilton argue that the national bank was constitutional?
  8. How did Hamilton use the elastic clause to argue that the national bank was constitutional?
  9. What is meant by a loose construction of the Constitution?
  10. How long was the firstBank of the US chartered for?
  11. Why did Congress sell four-fifths of the stock in the new national bank to private citizens?

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LT 10D: Explain how the conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson led to the emergence led to the emergence of the

first political parties.

  1. What is the purpose of a political party?
  2. Why did the founding fathers fear the development of political parties?
  3. Why weren’tthe Federalists and Anti-federalistsconsidered political parties?
  4. Why did many Americans oppose the Washington administration’s policies?
  5. Why did Jefferson and Madison meet in New York City in 1791?
  6. Why did Jefferson begin a national newspaper calledThe National Gazette?
  7. Why did Jefferson resign from Washington’s Cabinet in 1793?
  8. Why did Hamilton resign from Washington’s Cabinet in 1795?
  9. What political party descended from the early Democratic (or Jeffersonian) Republican Party?
  10. What political party generally supported the economic ideas of Hamilton?
  11. Explain the view of the DemocraticRepublicans(DRs) on state vs. national governments.
  12. Explain the view of the DRs on who should be elected as political leaders
  13. Explain the view of the DRs on whether the government should favor France or Britain in foreign affairs.
  14. Explain the view of the DRs on whether the government should favor agriculture or industry.
  15. Explain the view of the DRs on the interpretation of the Constitution.
  16. Explain the view of the DRs on tariffs.
  17. Explain the view of the DRs on the national bank
  18. Explain the view of the DRs on a permanent army and navy.
  19. Which social classes generally supported the Democratic Republicans?
  20. Explain the view of the Federalists on state vs. national governments.
  21. Explain the view of the Federalists on who should be elected as political leaders
  22. Explain the view of the Federalists on whether the government should favor France or Britain in foreign affairs.
  23. Explain the view of the Federalists on whether the government should favor agriculture or industry.
  24. Explain the view of the Federalists on the interpretation of the Constitution.
  25. Explain the view of the Federalists on tariffs.
  26. Explain the view of the Federalists on the national bank
  27. Explain the view of the Federalists on a permanent army and navy.
  28. Which social classes generally supported the Democratic Republicans?
  29. Which social classes generally supported the Federalists?
  30. Why did Washington warn against competing political parties in his Farewell Address?

LT 10E: Describe the impact of the French Revolution on American foreign policy and politics, including

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation.

94.What caused the French Revolution in 1789?

  1. What democratic changes occurred in the French government by 1792?
  2. What was the Reign of Terror that began in 1793?
  3. Why did Hamilton urge Washington not to help the French in their war against Britain?
  4. Why did Jefferson argue that the US shouldhelp France in their fight against Britain?
  5. Why did Washington finally agree not to take sides in the war between Britain and France?
  6. What was the significance of the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793?
  7. In what ways did French Ambassador Edmond Genet violate the US Neutrality Proclamation?

LT 10F: Explain the provisions and impact of the Jay Treaty of 1795, the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, and Washington’s

Farewell Address.

  1. What reason did the British give for refusing to leave US forts along the US-Canadian border?
  2. In what ways did the British cause problems between the Americans and the Miami Indians led by Little Turtle?
  3. What was the significance of the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794?
  4. What was the significance of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795?
  5. What trade restrictions did the British place on the US in the 1780s and early 1790s?
  6. Why did the British ignore America’s rights as a neutral nation and seize US ships sailing to French territories?
  7. What is meant by impressment?
  8. Why did the British impress American sailors into the British Navy?
  9. What view did some DR Congressmen take because of violations of neutral rights and impressment?
  10. Why did Washington send Chief Justice John Jay to London in 1794?
  11. Why did Jay win few concessions in his bargaining with the British over the issues?
  12. What were the five main provisions of the Jay Treaty of 1795?
  13. Why were Jefferson and other Democratic Republicans outraged with the Jay Treaty?
  14. Why did Washington support the Jay Treaty and recommend that the Senate ratify it?
  15. What were the threemain provisions of the Pinckney Treaty of 1795?
  16. What is meant by a port of deposit?
  17. Why did Washington warn against permanent alliances with foreign countries in his Farewell Address?

LT 10G Describe the significance of the Election of 1796 and the difficulties facing John Adams as president.

  1. What was the significance of Washington’s decision not to run for a third term as president?
  2. What two ideas did Washington warn against in his Farewell Address?
  3. Who were the candidates and what were their political parties in the first two-party election in 1796?
  4. What problem resulted from the method used to select the vice-president in 1796?
  5. What difficulties did Adams face as president because of his personality?
  6. Why did Hamilton try to get Adams defeated in the election of 1796?
  7. What was the significance of the High (or Ultra) Federalists?
  8. Why did Adams’decision to keep Washington’s Cabinet as his own lead to problems?

LT 10H: Describe the causes and results of the undeclared war with France.

  1. Why was France angry that the US had signed the Jay Treaty with Britain?
  2. In what ways did the French retaliate for the Jay Treaty?
  3. Why did the French seize over 300 US merchant ships in 1796 and 1797?
  4. Why did Adams send diplomats John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Charles Pinckney to Paris in May 1797?
  5. Explain the XYZ Affair that caused outrage among many Americans in 1798.
  6. Explain the significance of the saying “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.”
  7. What war preparations did the High Federalists urge Adams to take?
  8. Why did Adams resist demands for raising an army and instead propose the creation of a navy?
  9. What war preparations did Congress authorize in 1798?
  10. Describe the undeclared (“quasi”) naval war with France from 1798 to 1800.
  11. What was the purpose of the House Tax passed by Congress in 1798?
  12. Why did John Fries and others in eastern Pennsylvania strongly oppose the property tax and refuse topay it?
  13. What impact did the Fries Uprisinghave on the tax collections?
  14. Why did Adams send in federal troops to capture the rebels?
  15. What was the outcome of the trial for John Fries?

LT 10I: Describe the purpose, provisions, and impact of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.

  1. What was the stated purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress in 1798?
  2. What were two main provisions of the Alien Act?
  3. Why did the Alien Actsespecially anger the Democratic Republicans?
  4. In what way did the Sedition Act limit freedom of speech and press?
  5. How was the Sedition Act used to stop criticism of Federalist policies toward France in the press?
  6. Why didn’t the US Supreme Court rule that the Sedition Act violated the US Constitution?
  7. How did the “expiration” date of the Sedition Act show the law was intended to limit DR criticism of the Federalists?
  8. Why did many Federalists support the Alien and Sedition Acts?

LT 10J: Describe the purpose, provisions, and impact of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

  1. What was the purpose of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutionswritten in 1798 and 1799?
  2. Why did Jefferson and Madison ask Virginia and Kentucky to urge the repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
  3. Why did Jefferson and Madison write the resolutions anonymously?
  4. Explain the compact theory that was included in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
  5. What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions urge states to do to end the Alien and Sedition Acts?
  6. Explain the concept of nullification that was included in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
  7. Why did the Federalists criticize the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
  8. What impact did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions have on other states?
  9. What was the main significance of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?

LT 10K: Explain President Adams’ decision to seek peace and explain the terms of the Convention of 1800.

159. Why did both the US and France seek an end to the “quasi-war” they had been fighting for two years?

160. Why did Adams decide to send a new ambassador to France, despite criticism by the High Federalists?

  1. How did Adams convince the High Federalists to support hisdecision to send a minister to France?
  2. What were the main provisions of the Convention of 1800 which ended the naval warfare with France?

Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Democracy

and the Second War for Independence, 1800-1815

LT 11A: Describe the issues and results of the Election of 1800 and why it is referred to as the “Revolution of 1800”.

  1. Who were the twoFederalists candidates for president in the Election of 1800?
  2. What social classes generally supported the Federalists?
  3. In which section of the country did the Federalists receive the most support?
  4. What were the main ideas that were supported by the Federalist leaders?
  5. What were the main accomplishments of the Federalists in the 1790s?
  6. What were the three main problems for the Federalist Party in the late 1790s?
  7. Who were the twoDemocratic Republican candidates for president in the Election of 1800?
  8. What social classes generally supported the Federalists?
  9. In which section of the country did the Democratic Republicans receive the most support?
  10. What were the main ideas that were supported by the Democratic Republicans leaders?
  11. In what ways was “mudslinging” used by both parties in the campaign during the Election of 1800?
  12. What was the main criticism of Adams by his opponents?
  13. Why did some critics accuse Jefferson of being a hypocrite when it came to the issue of liberty and slavery?
  14. Why did critics accuse Jefferson of being a “howling atheist”?

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  1. Why did the House of Representatives have to choose the president in the Election of 1800?
  2. Why did some Federalist members of the House favor Burr?
  3. Why did some Federalist members of the House favor Jefferson?
  4. What was the final result of the 36th ballot in the House?
  5. What was the significance of the 12th Amendment which was ratified in 1804?
  6. Why was the Election of 1800 a remarkable occurrence for the 1800s?
  7. How did the election contribute to the continuation of the two-party system in American politics?
  8. Why did Jefferson later refer to the election of 1800 as the “Revolution of 1800”?

LT 11B: Explain the controversy concerning Adams’ judicial appointments at the end of his term.

  1. What was the significance of Adams’ appointment of Federalist John Marshall as Chief Justice in 1801?
  2. Who did Adams appoint to the new judgeships created by the Judiciary Act of 1801?
  3. Who were the “midnight judges”?
  4. Why were the Democratic Republican leaders angry with Adams’ last-minute appointments?

LT 11C: Describe the policy of “conciliation” of President Jefferson, as well as the new Democratic-Republican

policies heimplemented.

  1. How did Jefferson demonstrate his informalstyle of leadership?
  2. In what ways did Jefferson follow a policy of “conciliation” to unite the country?
  3. What did Jefferson mean when he said “we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”?
  4. What is meant by alaissez fairephilosophy of government that was supported by Jefferson?
  5. In what four ways did Jefferson attempt to reduce the influence of the national government in people’s lives?

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  1. How did Jefferson demonstrate his faith in local militias and distrust of permanent peacetime armies and navies?
  2. What actions did Jefferson take against the Alien and Seditions Acts?
  3. What role did James Madison play in Jefferson’s cabinet?
  4. What role did Albert Gallatin play in Jefferson’s cabinet?
  5. What happened to the national debt during the Jefferson administration?

LT 11D: Describe the causes and impact of the Supreme Court decision of Marbury v. Madison in 1803.

  1. Why did Jefferson tell Secretary of State Madison not to deliver the appointment letters to the new “midnight judges”

appointed by Adams at the end of his term?

  1. Why did William Marbury sue Madison?
  2. What was the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison?
  3. What was the significance of the Marbury v. Madison decision?
  4. Explain the concept of judicial review established by the Marbury decision.
  5. How did the Marbury decision impact the power of the Supreme Court?
  6. Why were the Democratic Republicans upset with the Marbury decision?

LT 11E: Describe the causes and results of the impeachment of Samuel Chase and other Federalist judges in the