Chapter 10 Graphic Organizer Review

Directions:

Using your textbook and notes, create a graphic organizer or chart using ONE of the main categories listed below. Use key vocabulary related to your category. Be ready to share and discuss your graphic organizer and/or chart with the rest of the class.

  • Cognition (pgs. 367-371)
  • What is cognition?
  • Refers to mentally processing information- our thoughts take many forms (daydreaming, problem solving, and reasoning, etc.
  • Basic Units of thought- language, images, concepts,
  • Mental rotation- refers to changing the position of an image in mental space
  • Reverse Vision, created image
  • What are kinesthetic images- created from produced, remembered, or imagined muscular sensations
  • What are the components of logical thinking? (Deductive and inductive reasoning)
  • Concepts (pgs. 371-373)
  • How are concepts learned?
  • Concept formation- is the process of classifying information into meaningful categories
  • Describe the types of concepts?
  • Conjunctive concepts- defined by the presence of two or more features (motorcycle must have two wheels, helmet, etc)
  • Relational concepts- based on how an object relates to something else or how its features relate to one another (larger, above, left, north, and upside down)
  • Disjunctive concepts- have a least one of several possible features (either/or concepts- a strike is either a swing and a miss or a called strike or a foul ball)
  • Prototypes- ideal models to identify concepts
  • Connotative meaning- its emotional or personal meaning
  • Denotative meaning- exact definition
  • Semantic differential- when words or concepts are rated on various scales, most of their connotative meaning boils down to the dimensions
  • Social stereotypes- oversimplified stereotypes
  • All-or-nothing thinking- (one dimensional thinking)
  • Language and Thinking (pgs. 373-378)
  • What does it take to make a language?
  • Words encode (translate) the world into symbols that are easy to manipulate
  • Semantics- the study of meaning in words and language
  • Structure of language
  • Syllables, grammar (set rules of making sounds into words and words into sentences)
  • Syntax- rules for word order
  • Transformation rules- change a simple declarative sentence into other voices or forms (dog bites man, dog bit a man (past), the man was bitten by a dog (passive), the dog did not bite the man (negative), did the dog bite the man? (question)
  • Language is productive- can generate thoughts or ideas
  • Gestural language- ASL
  • Problem Solving (pgs. 378-383)
  • Describe the different types of strategies.
  • Mechanical solutions- achieved by trial and error pr by rote (trying to figure out the combo for the bike lock)
  • Understanding- deeper comprehension of a problem
  • General solution- defines requirements for success
  • Functional solution- a number of solutions and then narrowing down to one solution (most functional one)
  • Ex: rubik cube is usually tried and solved through trial and error but then if you read the directions, you may get an understanding of how to do it and see/understand the general properties of the puzzle
  • Heurisitics- a strategy of identifying and evaluating a problem (rule of thumb- reduces the number of alternatives thinkers must consider)
  • Ideal problem solving- identify, define, explore, act, look and learn
  • Insightful solutions- rapid and clear insights that we wonder how we missed it the first time
  • Selective encoding- selecting specific information
  • Selective combination- bringing together unrelated bits of useful information
  • Selective comparison- ability to compare new problems with old information or with problems already solved
  • Fixation- tendency to get “hung up” on wrong solutions or to become blind to alternatives
  • Barriers to problem solving? GIVE EXAMPLES
  • Emotional barriers- inhibition and fear of making a fool of oneself
  • Cultural barriers- values that hold
  • Learned barriers- conventions about uses, meanings, possibilities, taboos
  • Perceptual barriers- habits leading to a failure to identify important elements of a problem
  • Creative Thinking (pgs. 385-390)
  • What are some types of creative thinking?
  • Inductive- going from specific facts or observations to general principles
  • Deductive- going from general principles to specific situations
  • Logical/Illogical
  • Fluency, flexibility, originality
  • Convergent/divergent thinking- lines of thought converge on an answer/ many possibilities are made up starting with one point
  • What are the stages of creative thought?
  • Orientation- problem is defined
  • Preparation- thinkers saturated with as much information as possible
  • Incubation- processing is done in the mind- all attempted solutions will have proved futile
  • Illumination- stage often ended by a rapid insight or series of insights
  • Verification- final step- test and critically evaluates the solution obtained during the stage illumination
  • What kills creativity?
  • Intuition- quick, impulsive thought that does not make use of clear reasoning
  • Representations- we give a choice a greater weight because we are familiar with it
  • Underlying odds- ignoring base rate, underlying probability, of an events
  • Framing- the way the problem is stated/framed affects decisions
  • Wisdom- people may be intelligent without being wise