Chapter 10 Control of Body Movement
What is the difference between a motor unit and a motor pool?
Precisely which regions of the brain are involved in the “decision” or “intention” to make a movement?
What is a motor program?
What is proprioception?
From lecture: What regions of the brain comprise the sensory motor cortex?
From lecture last slide: Which part of the brain degenerates in Huntington’s chorea?
What makes up a muscle spindle?
What is the difference between intrafusal and extrafusal myofibers? Which are essential tension-producing cells and which are essentially sensory structures?
What is the adequate stimulus for a muscle spindle?
Why is the “knee jerk reflex” called a stretch reflex?
What is a monosynaptic reflex?
What is a polysynaptic reflex?
How is reciprocal innervation responsible for the inhibition of motoneurons serving antagonistic muscles during a stretch reflex?
What is a synergistic muscle?
Why is it important for intrafusal myofibers to contract along with extrafusal myofibers? In other words, how would the sensitivity to stretch beaffected if the intrafusal myofibers went slack during a muscle contraction?
What do gamma motor neurons innervate? What do alpha motor neurons innervate?
What does co-activation of alpha and gamma motoneurons ensure?
Which sensory structures detect muscle tension? Where are these structures located?
How does activity in Golgi tendon organs affect motoneurons serving that muscle? motoneurons of antagonistic muscles?
What is the overall purpose of the Golgi tendon organ reflex? What would be a consequence if this reflex were inoperative?
Beginning with the delivery of a painful stimulus to the hand, describe the withdrawal reflex, being sure to mention how motoneurons of flexors and extensors will be affected?
Suppose a person is doing push-ups and suddenly there is a sharp pain in the left palm. Describe the components of the crossed extensor reflex.
Define akinesia and bradykinesia.
What is Parkinsonism and what are several possible treatments? What brain region is deficient in Parkinsonism?
What role does the cerebellum have in the execution of movements while those movements are being produced? How would one recognize that a patient had cerebellar damage based on his movements?
Which is characteristic of cerebellar disease: resting tremor or intentional tremor?
Which part of the brain is involved in the “learning” of motor programs in response to practice, such as playing a musical instrument or mastering a sport such as racquetball?
Where are the cell bodies of neurons of the corticospinal tract? Where do their axons terminate?
What are synonyms for the corticospinal tract?
What is the corticobulbar pathway and what does it control?
What deficits are expected in a person whose corticospinal tract has been damaged?
In terms of motor control, what differentiates pyramidal tracts from extrapyramidal tracts?
What are the two components of the pyramidal tracts?
What are two brainstem regions of origin of extrapyramidal tracts?
What deficits are expected in a person whose extrapyramidal tracts have been damaged?