Chapter 1: When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe— Subheading (SH)

Title: When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe led to the great extinction, the creation of new technology, spread of agricultural technologies and disease, and spread of religion and trade, including slavery, gold, weaponry, sugar, and the conquering of land.

I. As Peoples in Motion began to spread through the Americas, they also spread plants and culture, becoming more innovative, meeting more people and creating technology to help them live better.

1. Starting from about 14,000 years ago people travelled From Beringia to the Americas, hunting animals and trying to survive,along with spreading culture and language.

2. As land got warmer, The Great Extinction and Rise of Agriculture began, causing large animals and culture to go extinct , and resulting in people getting more smart by farming, spreading, and creating weapons.

3. The Polynesians and Hawaii, got together when the Polynesian people travelled from sailed from South East Asia in 16000 B.C, spreading their homeland plants to Hawaii.

4. After Erik the Red was banished, The Norseman, Eriks followers, went to Greenland with him, where they first made contact the Inuits and as Erik explored more of North America he found more, and eventually the last Norseman died from the black death.

II. Europe and the World in the 15th Century was a time full of the idea of expansion and exploration which consequently led to the slave trade and cash crop colonies, making Europe and other prominent powers wealthier and even more powerful.

  1. China under the Ming Dynasty in the 15th century was a grand civilization which cut off exploration with belief that no other culture could compare, leading to new China: TheRejection of Overseas Expansion
  2. While European Kingdom was growing despite having less power over the world in the early 1400’s, the Islamic world was expanding with the world’s best sailors and their many empires in the battle of Europe versus Islam.
  3. Christian Europe launched crusades to take the Holy Land from Islam before 1492, but they were unsuccessful, leading to the creation of colonies and cash crop economies, which areThe Legacy of the Crusades.
  4. The Unlikely Pioneer: Portugalmanaged to cross Cape Bojador in 1434 to reach Africa’s wealth, and Portuguese mariners soon outclassed their major rivals through the use of new maritime technologies.
  5. Africa, Colonies, and the Slave Trade were all things the Portuguese took part in during the 1400s while settling their first colonies in Madeira Islands where they started to put up small posts to operate their slave trade business.
  6. In the 15th century, the Portuguese created naval bases and became wealthier with spice trades in Portugal’s Asian Empire.
  7. The Early Lessons shared between states aided European overseas expansion, colonization and the European desires of a prestigious life in a new world.

III. Spain, Columbus and the Americas had and made huge differences in the time period 1400- 1522, exploring new places during the voyages, causing a decrease in native populations and completing the reconquest of Spain by taking Granada.

1.Columbus made many voyages including his third voyage to the Americas, Spain, on the Nina, and three more quests to China; his motives were both religious and practical.

2.Spain and the Caribbeanoverseas settlement brought seeds, livestock, horses, and everything you need to start a new life, and later forced malnourished native people.

IV. The Emergence of Complex Societies in the Americas began thousands of years ago, that included the Aztec and Inca empires that turned European exploration into rival empires of permanent settlement.

1.After 4000 B.C., agriculture spread and became the foremost source of food supply, causing the Rise of Sedentary Culturesamong Indians where some sedentary peoples developed “monumental architecture” in places like Mesoamerica and the Andes where farming created new populations that had a usage of metals for trade.

2. Around 1000 B.C, the two Chavin cultures, the Mochica and Tiwanaku, also labeled as The Andes:Cycles of Complex Cultures, proved to be advanced in agriculture and architecture.

3. Around 1400 A.D. the Inca Civilization built their capital at Cuzco where they maintained numerous storehouses for grain and had people who memorized the Incas oral commands.

4. In Mesoamerica:Cycles of Complex Cultures is seen as the Olmecs believed in the need for human sacrifice to the gods each time the cycle of their calendar reset, believing if they didn't go through with the sacrifice the gods would leave the sun and every living thing to be destroyed.

5. By the 15 century The Aztecs and Tenochtitlán had forged an alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan which provided a clear passing for the Aztecs where they adopted the ancient culture of the Valley of Mexico.

6. North American Mound Builders placed a great influence upon the North, most of which many became semisedentary from 3000 B.C. to around A.D 1700, and these skills played a great importance in religion like in Mississippian communities where they created Burial Mound for their leader, the “Great Sun”, and also families with elite status.

7. Other complex societies that emerged in North America were those Urban Cultures of the Southwest,the Hohokam (300 B.C), the Anasazi, and the Pueblo.

V. In the early to mid-1500’s, Europeans and Native had Contact and Cultural Misunderstandingon which religion, views on battle, and gender roles were greatly changed and contradicted according to their ethnicity or race.

1.In the 1520’s to 1550’s, there were Religious Dilemmas in that Christians believed Indian religion revolved around satanic rituals, while Indians took Christians practices, like the Eucharist literally.

2.There was a War as Cultural Misunderstanding when the Europeans and Native Americans went on the battlefields because the Europeans wanted to kill enemies and were horrified at the Native Americans customs, and the Native Americans wanted to get captive for sacrifice or to replace tribal loss.

3.Europeans created Gender and Cultural Misunderstandingswhen they came to the North of Mexico by owning almost all the property, changing Indian male's role in society, and establishing a new social hierarchy giving themselves, the Europeans all the power.

VI. Conquest and Catastrophebegan the origin of the new world.

  1. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru was the most horrendous because they destroyed the Aztec’s and Inca’s homes and customs.
  2. North American conquistadors and missionaries tried to change the indigenous religion and tried to explore as much land they could.
  3. The expansion of conquistadors and missionaries got many converts and land and the Spanish Empire and Demographic Catastrophe resulted in the killing of many indigenous due to disease.
  4. Brazil, which was ruled by the Portuguese, was divided into provinces and it became the major place where much slavery was used for sugar plantations.
  5. Good and precious metals were the Global Colossus, Global Economy of Europe.

VII.Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, and Resistance were utilized by Europeans to conquer the Americas and its inhabitants with the help of Chinese inventions, strong military equipment, and a great supply of American products to export back to Europe.