Chapter 1: the Corrections System

Chapter 1: The Corrections System

CHAPTER 1

The Corrections System

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control?

a. / more than 8%
b. / more than 3%
c. / less than 2%
d. / more than 10%

ANS:BREF:5OBJ:4

2.Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?

a. / 1 million
b. / 2.3 million
c. / 3 million
d. / 4.3 million

ANS:BREF:5OBJ:4,5

3.What percent of African American fathers are now incarcerated?

a. / 6
b. / 9
c. / 12
d. / 15

ANS:CREF:6OBJ:4,5

4.One out of____ African American children has a parent who has been to prison.

a. / 2
b. / 6
c. / 9
d. / 13

ANS:BREF:7OBJ:4,5

5.Systems learn, grow and improve according to what?

a. / policies
b. / procedures
c. / feedback
d. / laws

ANS:CREF:12OBJ:3, 4

6.Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in this particular career field is based on their desire to:

a. / Receive promotions
b. / Help people
c. / Take criminals out of society
d. / Become a warden

ANS:BREF:23OBJ:1, 3

7.Now more than ever correctional systems are in a new era of correctional policy in what areas?

a. / Politics and policy change
b. / Financial and social change
c. / Psychological and political
d. / Socially and politically

ANS:BREF:7OBJ:4,5

8.Which of the following is thecentralpurpose of punishment?

a. / To provide housing
b. / To protect society
c. / To carry out the criminal sentence
d. / All of these

ANS:CREF:8OBJ:1,3

9.Corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?

a. / Moral outrage
b. / Protection
c. / Punishment
d. / Both protection and punishment

ANS:DREF:8OBJ:1,3

10.Corrections can be seen as a series of:

a. / processes.
b. / agencies.
c. / loops.
d. / both processes and agencies.

ANS:DREF:9OBJ:1,2,3

11.According to the author, Corrections has a(n) ______relationship with its environment.

a. / reciprocal
b. / inverse
c. / oppositional
d. / purposeful

ANS:AREF:11OBJ:1,2,3

12.Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

a. / The United States
b. / Russia
c. / South Africa
d. / Japan

ANS:AREF:4OBJ:1,3,5

13.Which important scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, help to define norms and expectations for conformity?

a. / Emile Durkheim
b. / Cesare Beccaria
c. / Travis Hirshchi
d. / Cesare Lombroso

ANS:AREF:8OBJ:5

14.As systems grow and mature, they become:

a. / familiar.
b. / more complex.
c. / strange.
d. / boring.

ANS:BREF:8OBJ:4,5

15.According to the author, which system of government divides power between federal and state governments?

a. / Federalism
b. / Democracy
c. / Communism
d. / Capitalism

ANS:AREF:16OBJ:3

16.Approximately ______of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole.

a. / one-fifth
b. / one-half
c. / one-third
d. / two-third

ANS:DREF:16OBJ:3,5

17.Clear, Cole, and Reisig divide some of the controversies, issues and themes that arise in the study of corrections into two main areas:

a. / managing the correctional organization and portraying a strong public image.
b. / working with offenders and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court interpretations.
c. / managing the correctional organization and working with offenders.
d. / portraying a strong public image and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court interpretation.

ANS:CREF:17OBJ:3

18.The theory that offenders can be corrected:

a. / is widely recognized.
b. / faces dispute.
c. / is backed by evidence.
d. / is supported by politicians.

ANS:BREF:17OBJ:1,3,5

19.According to the author, ______is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.

a. / Technology
b. / Language
c. / Politics
d. / Persuasions

ANS:AREF:21OBJ:2,3

20.One result of funding squabbles is that organizational turf is:

a. / destroyed.
b. / disputed.
c. / lost.
d. / nurtured.

ANS:BREF:18OBJ:2,3

21.Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:

a. / professional.
b. / street-level bureaucrats.
c. / having a thankless job.
d. / none of the above.

ANS:BREF:18OBJ:2,3

22.The effectiveness of correctional strategies is:

a. / sophisticated.
b. / uncertain.
c. / unlikely.
d. / predictable.

ANS:BREF:19OBJ:1,4

23.Organizations develop ______to keep operating with inmates having regular and predictable responses to the staff.

a. / routines
b. / policies
c. / procedures
d. / all of these

ANS:DREF:21OBJ:1,3

24.Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered:

a. / informal enforcement.
b. / exchange.
c. / security.
d. / screening.

ANS:BREF:21OBJ:3

25.According to the text, Every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about:

a. / money.
b. / honor.
c. / social relations.
d. / punishment.

ANS:CREF:22OBJ:1,2,5

TRUE/FALSE

1.Conservatives and liberals tend to share the same ideas about how to deal with crime.

ANS:FREF:6OBJ:5

2.The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.

ANS:FREF:4OBJ:1,4

3.The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education.

ANS:FREF:20OBJ:4,5

4.Although the increase in prison populations receives the most publicity, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in probation and parole.

ANS:TREF:5OBJ:3

5.The organizational turf of criminal justice agencies is very clear because there is no blurring around the edges regarding the responsibility for different types of actions.

ANS:FREF:18OBJ:2,3,4

6.Corrections consist of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons.

ANS:TREF:13OBJ:3

7.People who undertake careers in corrections do so because they find the field an excellent place to express their most cherished values

ANS:TREF:23OBJ:3,4

8.Correctional practices and processes all affect one another because offenders pass through in a kind of assembly line with return loops.

ANS:TREF:10OBJ:2,3

9.Large corrections systems damage families and communities, and increase racial inequality.

ANS:TREF:4OBJ:4,5

10.Corrections has one clear primary goal.

ANS:FREF:8OBJ:1,4

COMPLETION

1.The phrase “under some form of correctional supervision” is referring to the following three forms of control: ______, ______, and ______.

ANS:probation, parole, and community corrections

REF:13OBJ:1,3

2.A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and individual state governments is known as ______.

ANS:Federalism

REF:16OBJ:2,3

3.An institution for incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felons, is called______.

ANS:prison

REF:16OBJ:1,3

4.A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods no longer than 48 hours iscalled a _______.

ANS:jail

REF:16OBJ:1,3

5.The twin goals of corrections are ______and ______.

ANS:punishment, protection

REF:10OBJ:3

6.According to the authors, key issues in corrections are divided into three main areas: managing the correctional organization, working with offenders, and ______.

ANS:upholding social values

REF:17OBJ:4

7.The term “______” refers to methods of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.

ANS:technology

REF:21OBJ:1

8.The states of ______and ______ have the largest prison populations in the U.S.

ANS:California, Texas

REF:14OBJ:4

9.A mutual transfer of resources based on decisions regarding the costs and benefits of alternative actions is referred to as ______.

ANS:exchange

REF:21OBJ:1,2

10.Public service workers who interact directly with citizens are known as ______.

ANS:street-level bureaucrats.

REF:19OBJ:1,2,3

MATCHING

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.

a. / Houses people convicted of serious crimes / f. / Method of applying scientific knowledge
b. / A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees / g. / One of the goals of corrections
c. / Mutual transfer of resources / h. / Common goals influenced by the environment
d. / Workers who provide programs and services / i. / Conforms to the rules of society
e. / Power between national and state government / j. / Manages accused or convicted offenders

1.Exchange

2.Corrections

3.Social Control

4.Prison

5.Jails

6.Technology

7.Punishment

8.System

9.Federalism

10.Street-level bureaucrats

1.ANS:CREF:21

2.ANS:JREF:8

3.ANS:IREF:8

4.ANS:AREF:16

5.ANS:BREF:16

6.ANS:FREF:21

7.ANS:GREF:8

8.ANS:HREF:10

9.ANS:EREF:16

10.ANS:DREF:19

ESSAY

Twenty-five years ago, the “three P’s”—probation, prisons, and parole—dominated correctional practice. Today all kinds of activities come under the heading of corrections. Identify at least three other practices or programs that are considered part of corrections. Discuss how their existence has fostered the growth of corrections.

ANS: Answers will varyOBJ: 4

Correctional practices affect the community, and community values and expectations in turn affect corrections. Give an example of each and discuss the reciprocal relationship between corrections and its environment.

ANS: Answers will varyOBJ: 4

Define what is meant by the term “exchange.” Present some examples of “exchanges” in your daily life. How would interactions be different if reciprocity was not practiced? Why is” exchange” is important concern for correctional officers and inmates?

ANS: Answers will varyOBJ: 1

Corrections has always struggled with conflicting goals. Identify several corrections goals and explain how they fight against one another. How can this conflict be minimized? Is it possible that this goal conflict may actually be good for corrections?

ANS: Answers will varyOBJ: 1

Discuss the concept of social control and how it has affected the correctional system as a whole.

ANS: Answers will varyOBJ: 5