Chapter 1-22 Study Guide

Linh Ho

AP US History

Section 51

Chapter 1-22 Study Guide

• Puritans

-Separatists who departed from Holland in 608

-Wanted to find a haven to live and die as English men and women

-Purified Protestants

-Sailed out on Mayflower for sixty five days

-Arrived in New England in 1620 w 102 people

• Massachusetts Bay

-King James I made two stock joint companies

-The London Company received more southern territory, formed Jamestown Settlement

-Early colony of Puritans from England

-King James I and Charles I attempted to suppress it

• Massachusetts charter

-Established self government for the Mass Bay Colony, a joint stock company

-Included merchants and landed gentry

-Government was clearly stated which said charter itself would remain in England

• Mercantilism

-Was an economic theory which advocated more exports than imports

-Originated in large European nations

-Wealth was finite and nations wanted to trump each other

• Bacon’s Rebellion

-1676 uprising in Virginia colony led by Nathaniel Bacon

-VA Governor William Berkeley had policies friendly to Native Americans

-Refused to retaliate for native attacks on colonies

-Rebellion was put down

• Pre-Columbian civilizations

Incas

-In Peru

-~4000 BC

-Advanced agricultural practices

-Talented in math and astronomical observations

-Nomadic and settled agricultural villages

Mayas

-In Central America

-Maize and Advanced agricultural practices

-Talented in math w astronomical observations

Aztecs

-In Mexico

-~4000 BC

-advanced agricultural practices

-Talented in math w astronomical observations

-Sought favor of gods by offering human sacrifices

• Pre-Columbian in North America

-3 types (include Iroquois, Mound Builders)

Adena-Hopewell culture

Mississippian culture

Pueblo-Hohokam culture (southwest)

-More than 400 diff languages

-Extensive trading networks, irrigation systems in south, plains-farming

-Corn/maize, beans, squash = stable crops

• Tribes of 5 Nations- Iroquois (Northeast woodlands)

-Mohawks (New York), Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas = Iroquois confederacy

-Founded late 1500s by Deganawidah and Hiawather

-Society

-Live in longhouse building- all families related lived in 1 LONG one

-Maternal lineage (men moved to wife’s longhouse)

• French relation with Iroquois

-Iroquois alternated betwn allying with Eng. & French (1800-1900s)

• Columbian Exchange

-American plants introduced in Europe

Potatoes, corn, beans, tomatoes, tobacco

-European plants and animals into. In America

Apples, carrot, cucumbers, peach, plum, olive, sugar cane

Horses, pigs, cattle

-Disease

Syphilis from natives

Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria from E.U ppl

• Mayflower Compact

-An agreement to form government and conform with majority rules by Pilgrims before disembarking Mayflower

Signed by 41 male adults

-America’s 1st attempt at government

• Navigation Acts 1651

-Restricted all trade within the British empire to British ships.

-Listed specific colnial products that could be shipped and soldonlyto England.

-Required the colonists to but most of their manufactured good from England.

-Goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop direct colonial trade with the Netherlands, France and other European countries.

-Reaction: Most colonists resented the Navigations Acts. Many ignored them, and many prominent merchants took part in smuggling.

• Molasses Act 1733

-Passed by British Parliament

-Colonists could buy molasses from the French, Dutch or Spanish islands, but had to pay a high duty on imports.

-Was not passed for the purpose of raising revenue, but rather to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies.

-Reaction: protested by colonists; American merchants turned to smuggling, which was common during “salutary neglect”.

• Townshend Acts (starting in 1767)

-Passed by British Parliament

-Purpose: raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial rule, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.

-Reactions: “Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania” by John Dickinson published. Merchants and some smugglers organized boycotts.

• Stamp Act 1765

-A direct tax imposed by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp.

-Great resistance in the colonies. Many colonists considered it a violation of their rights as englishmen to be taxed without their consent—consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant. Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests.

-Stamp Act Congress created in New York.

-Protests and demonstrations initiated by the Sons of Liberty often turned violent and destructive as the masses became involved.

• Declaratory Act 1766

-Passed by British Parliament reaffirming its right “to bind” the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”.

-Accompanied the Repeal of the Stamp Act.

-Reactions: Many of the colonists were too busy celebrating their political victory (the repealing of the Stamp Act) to notice that the Declaratory Act subtly hinted that more acts would be coming.

-Can be seen as a predecessor to future acts that would further incite the anger of the American colonists and eventually lead up to the American Revolutionary War.

• Coercive Act/Intolerable Acts 1774

-Five Laws passed by the British Parliament

-Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party

-Many colonists viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of their rights, and in 1774 they organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest. As tensions escalated, the American Revolutionary War broke out the following year

-Boston Port Act: In response to the Boston Tea Party. Closed Boston port until all debt for destroyed tea had been paid.

-Massachusetts Government Act: almost all positions in the colonial government were to be appointed by the governor or the king. The act also severely limited the activities of town meetings in Massachusetts.

-Administration of Justice Act: allowed the governor to move trials of accused royal officials to another colony or even to Great Britain if he believed the official could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts.

-Quartering Act: Gave local authorities power to lodge British soldiers anywhere

-Quebec Act: enlarged the boundaries of what was then the colony of "Canada", removed references to the Protestant faith in the oath of allegiance, and guaranteed free practice of the Roman Catholic faith.

• 1st Great Awakening

-During the 18th century, Protestant churches tended to be long intellectual discourses and portrayed God to be a great create of a perfect universe. But in 1730 a dramatic change occurred that swept through the colonies with the force of a hurricane. The Great Awakening was a movement that characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. This movement was at its height between 1730 and 1740.

• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense

-written in 1776 was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe sis a smaller heavenly body controls a larger. For this reason there is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months.

• Battle of Lexington and Concord

-Thomas Gage, a British commander, was ordered to attack the colonial military supplies in Concord. Warned of the raids, Paul Revere and William Dawes assemble to face the British. The Americans were retreated because of the British heavy fire. British continued into Concord and destroyed some military supplies. On their return to Boston, the British soldiers were attacked by militiamen firing at them from behind stone ways. The British suffered 250 casualties and considered it to be a humiliation because they were defeated by amateur fighters.

• Battle of Bunker Hill

-On June 17, 1775 a true battle was fought between opposing armies on the outskirt of Boston. The battle was near Bunker Hill, the British force attacked the colonists’ position and managed to take the hill, suffering over a thousand casualties. Americans claimed a victory of sorts, having succeeded in inflicting heavy losses on the attacking of British army.

• Battle of Saratoga

-British force under General John Burgoyne had marched from Canada in an ambitious effort to link up with other forces marching from the west and south. But Burgoyne’s troops were attacked at Saratoga by troops of General Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold. The British army was forced to surrender. Battle of Saratoga was significant because this battle persuaded France to join in the way against Britain.

• Paris Peace Treaty

-Cornwallis’ defeat at Yorktown was a heavy blow for Tory party in Parliament who was responsible for conducting the war. In Paris, in 1783 a peace treaty was signed. Involved in the Peace Treaty: 1) Britain would recognize the existence of United States as an independent nation. 2) The Mississippi River would be the western boundary of that nation. 3) Americans would have fishing rights of the coast of Canada. 4) American would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war.

• Treason

-Benedict Arnold: He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.

Weakness in Articles of Confederation
1. No division in power (checks and balances)
2. Too much power was given to the states. Central gov was poor
3. No power to tax
4. Changes to articles were almost impossible since they required all states to agree
5. 9/13 states must agree to a new major law, also very hard
6. Congress couldn't regulate commerce, so states competed with one another
Shay's Rebellion
Daniel Shay, a farmer and ex-soldier, saw everyone including himself in debt. Wanted to fight back with a small army he raised, but was put down by Jefferson. This was an example of mobocracy.
Constitutional Convention
Madison and Hamilton gathered people together to revise the old Articles of Confed., but instead ended up making the Constitution. Washington was chosen to preside over Convention.
Connecticut Compromise
Bicameral congress, proposed by Edmund Randolph when large and small states argued over Senate or House of Rep.
3/5 Compromise
At Philadelphia Convention to count number of slaves as 3/5 each.
Commerce Compromise
Fed gov can tax imports but not exports.This is because the northern states wanted the central government to regulate interstate commerce and foreign trade. The South was afraid that export taxes would be put on agricultural products such as tobacco and rice.
Ratification Process
Anti-Federalists:Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, Benjamin Harrison, and James Monroe, Samuel Adams (anti federalists, opposed ratification).
1. No Bill of Rights
2. Too much federal power, no state power
3. Army in peacetime is bad
4. Powers not balanced in branches. Executive and Legislative branch have too much power
Federalists:The Federalistwas written by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay to influence people to ratify the constitution.
1. Checks and balances were good, protected rights of people
2. Can't possibly list all the rights, so might as well not list them at all since people might violate the ones that are not listed.
9 states ratified it, and only one more was needed. The Bill of Rights was added, and finally two more states agreed and Constitution became official.

• Bill of Rights

• Coercive Act

• Zenger Trail

• George Washington administration

• Whiskey Rebellion

• Hamilton’s financial policy

How it affected political party

Plans

- “funding at par” : pay off debts at face value + interest

- wanted to est. good credit

- assumption of state debts

- to est. federal banks

- tariffs/ excise taxes

- economic plans were against the belief of Jefferson and supporters

- rivalry between Hamilton and Jefferson grew into 2 political parties

- Hamilton wanted strong central government, his party became known as Federalists

- Jefferson favored weak loose government, party became known as Democrat-Republicans

• Adam’s administration
• -went against Thomas Jefferson, who became vp, and won by 71:68
• - France infuriated by Jay’s Treaty;

- Adam listened to Washington and remained neutral even when some Americans called for war w/ France

• - treaty in 1800 signed in Paris ended 1778 alliance in return for the American paying of the claims of its shippers as alimony

• XYZ affair
• when France seized American ships, Adam tried to negotiate by sending 3 men to Paris 1797, hoping to meet Talleyrand. They were approached by 3 go-betweens, X,Y, and Z, who demanded a load of 32 million florins and a $250,000 bribe just to talk to Talleyrand. No agreement made; envoys returned to America.

• Alien and Sedition Act

- Sedition Act effectively made it a crime for any person to criticize president, the Congress or government of United States

- Alien Act empowered President Adams to arrest, detain, and deport any non-citizen he found to be a danger to security of nation

- Federalists believed these was necessary because most Jefferson supporters were immigrants and Federalist party wanted to get rid of them

• Democrat response to Alien and Sedition Act

- resentful Jeffersonians would not take this down, and Jefferson feared that the Federalists, having wiped out freedom of speech and of the press, might wipe out more.

• Kentucky and Virginia Solution

- Jefferson wrote a series of legislation that Kentucky approved in 1798-99, and friend James Madison wrote another series of legislation (less extreme) that Virginia approved.

- stressed compact theory, which meant that the 13 states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a contract regarding its jurisdiction, and the individual states were the final judges of the laws passed in Congress.

- their legislation nullified the Sedition and Alien Acts

• Louisiana Purchase

- 1800, Napoleon secretly induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France.

-1802, the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed by the treaty of 1795; deposit privileges were vital to the frontier farmers who floated their produce down the Mississippi River to its mouth to await oceangoing vessels.

- these farmers talked of marching to New Orleans to violently get back what they deserved, an action that would have plunged the U.S. into war with Spain & France.

-1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join regular minister Robert R. Livingston to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east for a total of $10 million, tops. Instead, Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 million, thereby abandoning his dream of a French North American empire.

- due to the rebellion in Haiti, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, which had been unsuccessful but had killed lots of French troops due to yellow fever, and also because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain.

- Louisiana Purchase finalized on April 30, 1803

• Marshall’s Court

Strength Supreme Court

Purpose

Marbury v Madison

• Missouri Compromise of 1820

• Monroe Doctrine 1823

• Henry Clay system

Erie Canal

• Cotton gin

• Andrew Jackson administration

• Bank of United States:

The Bank of the United States was chartered by Congress in 1791; it held government funds and was also commercial. It wasn'trechartered in 1811, but a second bank was established in 1816 (1/5 government owned). Jackson opposed it, saying it drove other banksout of business and favored the rich, but Clay favored it. Nicholas Biddle became the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policystricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered.

Species circular:

- The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printingpaper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for inspecie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

• Nullification Crisis:

When faced with the protective Tariff of 1828, John Calhoun presented a theory in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) thatfederal tariffs could be declared null and void by individual states and that they could refuse to enforce them. South Carolina called aconvention in 1832, after the revised Tariff of 1828 became the Tariff of 1832, and passed an ordinance forbidding collection of tariffduties in the state. This was protested by Jackson

• Spoil system

Jackson made more staff changes than any previouspresident, firing many people and replacing them with his own

• Indian Removal Act

A minority of the Cherokee tribe, despite the protest of the majority, had surrendered their Georgia land in the 1835 Treaty of NewEchota. During the winter of 1838 - 1839, troops under General Winfield Scott evicted them from their homes in Georgia and movedthem to Oklahoma Indian country. Many died on the trail; the journey became known as the "Trail of Tears".

Abolitionist Movement

Different attitudes (abolition):

• Radical: the most extreme on this end urged for immediate abolition and freeing the sales without compensation. The view that slavery was a sin promoted radical abolitionism.
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Ardent radical abolitionist
• Published the antislavery newspaper The Liberator in 1831
• 1833-founded the American Antislavery Society
• Condemned Constitution as a proslavery document
• radicalism lead to a split in the abolitionist cause
• Northerners form Liberty Party in 1840
• Ran James Birney for president in 1840 and 1844
• Aimed to bring end to slavery through legal and political process

• Moderate: Moderates viewed slavery as wrong but did not believe in immediate abolition but rather slowly resolving the issue.