Change: Decolonization and Freedom Movements

WHAP/Napp

Cues: / Notes:
  1. New Ideas and New Dynamics
  1. Self-determinationidea that humankind was divided into distinct peoples or nations, deserving______statepopular in twentieth century
  2. Idea of self-determination rendered empire illegitimate in the eyes of growing numbers of people
  3. World wars weakened Europe, discrediting sense of European ______
  4. United States and Soviet Union, new superpowers, generally opposed older European colonial empires
  5. United Nationsplatform from which to conduct ______agitation
  6. And a second or third generation of Western-educated elites, largely male, had arisen throughout the colonial world
  7. Familiar with European culture and were deeply aware of the gap between its values and its practices
  1. Case Study: India
  1. Before 20th century, few of its people thought of ______as “Indians”
  2. Cultural identities were local and infinitely varied, rooted in differences of family, ______, village, language, region, tribe, and religious practice
  3. Most important political expression of an all-Indian identity took shape in the Indian ______Congress (INC), which was established in 1885
  4. Association of English-educated Indiansdrawn overwhelmingly from regionally prominent high-caste ______families
  5. But circumstances began to change in the aftermath of ______War I
  6. To attract Indian support for the war effort, the ______promised the gradual development of self-governing institutions
  7. End of the war was followed by a massive influenza ______, which cost the lives of millions of Indians
  8. A series of repressive actions, including the killing of some 400 people who had defied a ban on public meetings to celebrate a ______festival in the city of Amritsar, antagonized many Indians
  9. Mohandas K. Gandhi
  1. 1893, accepted a job with Indian firm in South ______, where a substantial number of Indians had migrated as indentured laborers during 1900s
  2. Personally experienced overt racism for the first time in South Africa
  3. Began to protest the country’s policies of racial ______
  4. Emerging political philosophy, known as Satyagraha (“truth force”), was an active and confrontational, though ______, approach to political action
  5. Returning to India in 1914, Gandhi quickly rose within the leadership ranks of the INC

Summaries:
Cues: /
  1. Called the Mahatma, the Great Soul
  2. Worked to raise the status of India’s ______(the lowest and most ritually polluting groups within the caste hierarchy)
  3. Organized boycott of British cloth and Salt March, acts of civil disobedience
  4. Almost alone among nationalist leaders, opposed a modern industrial future, seeking instead a society of harmonious self-sufficient ______
  1. Jawaharlal Nehru
  1. Another significant Indian nationalist and colleague of Gandhi’s, embraced science, technology, and ______as essential to India’s future
  1. All-India Muslim League (1906)
  1. Muslims feared that their voice could be swamped by a numerically dominant ______population
  2. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, increasingly argued that those parts of India that had a Muslim ______should have a separate political status
  1. India became independent in 1947 with Muslim Pakistan, itself divided into two wings 1,000 miles apart, and a secular but mostly Hindu India
  2. Rioting ensued and Gandhi was ______by a Hindu extremist in 1948
  1. Case Study: South Africa
  1. Struggle was not waged against an occupying European colonial power, for South Africa had in fact been independent of Great Britain since 1910
  2. But independence had been granted to a government wholly controlled by a white settler ______
  3. Whitesdescended from British but politically dominant section descended from early Dutch settlers in 1600s and known as Boers or Afrikaners
  4. Boers had unsuccessfully sought independence from a British-ruled South Africa in a ______struggle (the Boer War, 1899-1902)
  5. Prominence of race, expressed most clearly in the policy of apartheid, which attempted to separate blacks from ______in every conceivable way
  6. Rigid “pass laws” monitored and tried to control the movement of Africans into the ______
  7. “Native reserves,” or Bantustans, served as ethnic homelands that kept Africans divided along ______lines
  8. Established in 1912, African National Congress (ANC), led by ______, professional, and middle-class Africans who sought, not to overthrow the existing order, but political equality within that society
I.During the 1950s, a new and younger generation of the ANC leadership included Nelson Mandela launched ______disobedienceimprisoned
J. Governmentshooting of sixty-nine unarmed demonstrators at ______in 1960, the banning of the ANC, and the imprisonment of its leadership
K. In 1976 in a sprawling, segregated, impoverished black neighborhood called Soweto, outside Johannesburg, in which hundreds were ______
L. Trigger for uprising was government’s decision to enforce education for Africans in the hated language of the white Afrikaners rather than ______
M. Divestment or withdrawal of private funds in ______African economy also occurred1994 resulted in national elections, which brought ANC to power
Summaries:

Questions:

  • What international circumstances and social changes contributed to the end of colonial empires?
  • What was the role of Gandhi in India's struggle for independence?
  • What conflicts and differences divided India's nationalist movement?
  • Why was African majority rule in South Africa delayed until 1994, whereas the overthrow of European colonialism had occurred much earlier in the rest of Africa and Asia?

  1. What was Jawaharlal Nehru’s overall policy direction for India?
(A)To put Gandhi’s dream of a spiritually pure, nontechnological India into action
(B)To cement a firm military alliance between India and the United States
(C)To modernize, secularize, and democratize India
(D)To gain more territory for India at the expense of China
(E)To create a theocratic regime governed by Hindu principles
  1. The Indian National Congress
(A) From the outset took part in acts of violence against the British Raj.
(B)Was initially loyal to the British rulers and primarily concerned with interests of the Indian elite.
(C)Was composed primarily of peasants and Muslim holy men.
(D)Included only Hindus.
  1. Colonial societies with white settler populations
(A)Were among the first to grant majority rule.
(B)Were the regions where overt violence and revolution were most likely to occur.
(C)Did not achieve independence in the twentieth century.
(D)Introduced the tactics of peaceful mass demonstrations and boycotts. /
  1. Which of the following statements concerning Gandhi is not accurate?
(A)Prior to returning to India, he had opposed restrictive laws aimed at Indians in South Africa.
(B)He was the first of the great liberators to spring fromthe ranks of the peasants.
(C)He stressed non-violent, but aggressive protest tactics.
(D)He willingly accepted the role of the traditional Hindu holy man.
  1. In 1931 Gandhi renewed his civil disobedience to the British administration of India with the
(A)Coal strike.
(B)Salt March.
(C)Guerrilla assault on Simon Commission.
(D)March on Hunger.
  1. What radical African leader helped to achieve independence in Ghana?
(A)Jomo Kenyatta
(B)Nelson Mandela
(C)Julius Nyerere
(D)Kwame Nkrumah

South Africa is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources including fertile farmlands and unique mineral resources. South African mines are world leaders in the production of diamonds and gold as well as strategic metals such as platinum…

South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. Following independence from England, an uneasy power-sharing between the two groups held sway until the 1940s, when the Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority. Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, the aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 1960s, a plan of “Grand Apartheid'' was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression.

With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the sanctioning of ``white-only'' jobs. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or coloured (of mixed decent). The coloured category included major subgroups of Indians and Asians. Classification into these categories was based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent. For example, a white person was defined as ``in appearance obviously a white person or generally accepted as a white person.'' A person could not be considered white if one of his or her parents were non-white. The determination that a person was ``obviously white'' would take into account “his habits, education, and speech and deportment and demeanor.'' A black person would be of or accepted as a member of an African tribe or race, and a colored person is one that is not black or white. The Department of Home Affairs (a government bureau) was responsible for the classification of the citizenry. Non-compliance with the race laws were dealt with harshly. All blacks were required to carry ``pass books'' containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas.

In 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act established a basis for ethnic government in African reserves, known as ``homelands.'' These homelands were independent states to which each African was assigned by the government according to the record of origin (which was frequently inaccurate). All political rights, including voting, held by an African were restricted to the designated homeland. The idea was that they would be citizens of the homeland, losing their citizenship in South Africa and any right of involvement with the South African Parliament which held complete hegemony over the homelands. From 1976 to 1981, four of these homelands were created, denationalizing nine million South Africans. The homeland administrations refused the nominal independence, maintaining pressure for political rights within the country as a whole. Nevertheless, Africans living in the homelands needed passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country…

In 1960, a large group of blacks in Sharpeville refused to carry their passes; 69 people were killed and 187 people wounded…

Thesis Statement: Change Over Time:South Africa from 1940 – 1994 ______