CH. 5 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION: Part 3 → The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
HYPNOSIS
What?
A social interaction in which the subject responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions regarding certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and/or behaviors (a heightened state of ______)
How?
A hypnotic ______can proceed in various ways and may involve the soft-spoken, repetitive, suggestion that the subject is relaxing, feeling tired or drowsy, breathing is deep, and the eyelids/limbs are growing heavy
Who?
People vary in their hypnotic ______, which can be measured using standardized susceptibility scales, but about 10-20% are highly hypnotizable and the same %s are not
CAN HYPNOSIS RELIEVE PAIN?
______! Hypnosis is used effectively by physicians and dentists as an alternative for anesthesia (10% of hypnotizable people can have surgery w/o any anesthetic drugs)
→ typical explanations for reduced pain such as relaxation, placebos and endorphins appear to play no part
CAN HYPNOSIS ENHANCE MEMORY RECALL?
Hypnotically recalled memories generally combine fact and ______(remember, not all memories are permanently encoded); pseudomemories can be ‘planted’ by the hypnotist
→ hypnosis-induced evidence is not allowed in court
CAN HYPNOSIS LEAD PEOPLE TO DO THINGS AGAINST THEIR WILL/BECOME DISINHIBITED?
Hypnotized people have indeed been coerced into doing dangerous/otherwise unacceptable things (throwing ‘acid’ into the hypnotist’s face)
→ unhypnotized ______groups in lab settings have perform the same acts as the hypnotized experimental group
CAN POSTHYPNOTIC SUGGESTIONS WORK?
Subjects told that they will forget that they were hypnotized – ______amnesia – admit to remembering
→ posthypnotic ______have been successful in treating headaches, stress-related skin disorders, and obesity, but causal relationships haven’t been established
IS HYPNOSIS ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS?: TWO THEORIES
NO says the ______influence/______-playing theory: there is no measurable change in brain-wave activity involved with hypnosis
→ subjects play their roles like actors according to social ______as long as they like and trust the hypnotist
→ this is supported by ______hypnotized subjects performing similar acts
YES says the ______-consciousness theory: certain distinctive brain activities may accompany hypnosis
→ hypnotized subjects sometimes carry out suggested behaviors when they think noone is watching…and then there is that bit about ______…
→ Ernest ______proposed the idea of disassociation, a split in consciousness allowing different layers to occur simultaneously, to explain pain-tolerance specifically and hypnosis in general
MEDITATION
Meditation involves a deliberate effort to ______consciousness using a variety of techniques that may or may not have religious significance
→ open monitoring meditation involves remaining ______to whatever arises in your consciousness from moment to moment w/o latching on to it
→ ______attention meditation involves concentrating on something specific (your breath, a mantra, etc.) in order to remove the ‘clutter’ in the mind
Meditation does involve ______in brain wave activity as well as both short-term (decreased state of arousal) and long-term (reduced stress, blood pressure, etc.; increased self-esteem, awareness, etc.) benefits
→ the verdict is out if these results are meditation-specific or common to any type of ______technique
DRUGS
People want to alter their ______and imbibing the chemical substances in psychoactive drugs are a commonly used and abused method
→ drug use and effect are based on a multitude of ______that vary from person to person, situation to situation, and culture to culture
Drug effect are based on both multifactorial ______and ______of experience: age, mood, experience, body weight, dosage, potency, environment, expectations all contribute to the impact of drug use
→ different drugs also vary in the rate in which ______– diminishing effect of a drug, thus requiring larger doses – is produced
In general, psychoactive drugs work by manipulating specific ______action in the synaptic clefts in the brain
→ the increased release of dopamine in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway - the so-called “______pathway” – is consistent with most drug use and abuse
DRUG DEPENDENCE AND RISK
People can and do become ______to drugs physically – avoid withdrawal symptoms - and/or psychologically to satisfy cravings
→ like most aspects of drug use, ______symptoms from physical and psychological addiction vary, but for both they can be intense and powerful
Drug use comes with the risks of long-term physiological effects, indirect behavior-related problems, and the potential for ______
→ overdose risk is greatest among sedatives, narcotics and alcohol; in particular, ______of these and/or other drugs