Ch. 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity

17.1 Classification

A. How Classification Began

a. ______– The grouping of objects or information based on similarities

b. ______- the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics

1. Aristotle’s (384-322 B.C.) system – Greek philosopher classified organisms into 2 groups: ______and ______

2. ______system – Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707- 1778 A.D.) classified organisms based on physical and structural similarities. Used Latin b/c: dead language, educated language

3. Two names for a species – scientific names consist of a “Genus species” Ex: Homo sapiens

a. ______– a two-word naming system used in modern classification

b. ______– consists of a group of similar species (the species name is descriptive)

B. Biological Classification

1. Taxonomy: A framework – taxonomists group ______organisms (both living and extinct) together

2. Taxonomy: A useful tool – classification systems help ______organisms

3. Taxonomy and the economy – marketing useful characteristics. Ex: pine tree disinfectants

C. How Living Things Are Classified – any group of organisms is called a taxon (plural, taxa)

1. Taxonomic rankings – organisms are classified from the broad to the specific.

Ex: Mountain lions have 30 teeth while Bobcats and Lynx have 28 – making them of different Genus.

Kingdom / Phylum / Class / Order / Family / Genus / Species
Bobcat / Animalia / Chordata / Mammalia / Carnivora / Felidae / Lynx / rufus
Lynx / Animalia / Chordata / Mammalia / Carnivora / Felidae / Lynx / canadensis

a. ______–larger taxon in the biological classification system of a group of similar genera

2. Classic Taxonomy (the larger taxa)

K P C O F G S

a. ______– a taxon of similar families

b. ______– a taxon of similar orders

c. ______(“Division” in plants) – a taxon of similar classes.

d. ______– a taxon of similar phyla or divisions

17.2 The Six Kingdoms

A. How Are Relationships Determined?

1. Structural Similarities – Ex: Homologous forearm structures of vertebrates

2. Breeding behavior – similar looking organisms may breed selectively

3. Geographical distribution – Ex: island species have isolated gene pools

4. Chromosomes comparisons – similar sized chromosomes

5. Biochemistry – similar DNA sequences

6. Embriological similarities

7. Fossil record

B. Phylogenetic Classification: Models

a. ______–history of a species

b. ______– a model used to identify a group’s derived traits in a branching diagram

C. The Six Kingdoms of Life

Kingdom / Move-
ment / Eukary.
Prokary. / Autotroph /
Heterotroph / Unicell/
Multicell

Archaebacteria

Prokaryotes
(Eubacteria)
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals