Ch. 16.1-16.2: The Enlightenment

EQ:

What is the Enlightenment?

Change in outlook or ______of educated ______in 1600s.

Wanted to ______human life using ______and rational thought.

Reason =

Called ______because they wanted to enlighten, or shine a ______on, new ways of thinking

For Your Information: Roots of the Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution – observation and reason were encouraged in learning about our physical world

Renaissance – Humanists from this period questioned accepted beliefs

Reformation – Protestants rebelled against Catholic Church, putting individual conscience ahead of authority of the Church

Classical Culture – Trusting in reason and having a say in one’s government goes back to the teachings of the Greeks and Romans

Christian Ideas – Rational understanding of faith based on the Bible encouraged by Protestants

Change in Beliefs

______of Enlightenment changed way people______about lives and ______

Reason prized ______authority, people______everything including basis of religion, morality, and ______.

Enlightenment thinkers ______later societies by addressing both ______and ______issues

John Locke

Born in ______in 1632

Published several books about ______

Believed in ______for the ______

John Locke’s ______about ______and personal______greatly influenced the ______of ______.

Beliefs of John Locke

______with dictatorships

______with Divine ______of ______(ruling by authority of God)

Believed unjust ______could be ______from ______.

Believed ______received ______to govern from the ______.

Most Famous Belief of John Locke

______in idea of ______

- Rights that ______to people, “by ______,” that is, simply because they are ______being

Natural______of people: ______, ______, and ______

Thomas ______borrowed John ______Ideas about natural ______when writing the ______of ______.

Baron de Montesquieu

Born in ______in 1689

Worked as a ______

Very ______, inherited uncle’s fortune

______in rights for the ______

Famous Quote - “______should be a ______to power.” Meaning - there should be a ______of ______and balances in ______.

Beliefs of Baron de Montesquieu

Believed in ______of ______among ______branches of ______

Legislative Branch= ______the laws (ex: the ______in the USA)

Judicial Branch= ______the laws (ex: the ______in the USA)

Executive Branch= ______the laws (ex: the ______of the USA)

Believed following the ______of Powers would prevent ______(being ______by a ______)

Montesquieu’s ideas

______ideas of having ______separate ______of government ______the United States ______, and how our government works.

Additional Philosophers

For Your Information: Thomas Hobbes

Born in England in 1588

Believed humans naturally cruel, selfish, and greedy, driven by a desire for power

Laws and government needed to keep order

Governments protected people from their own selfishness

For Your Information: Voltaire

Born in 1694 in France

Believed in individual liberty

Concerned with freedom of thought and expression

Believed in religious tolerance (acceptance of different beliefs and customs)

Spoke out for the rights of Free Speech

Famous quote, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

For Your Information: Rousseau

Argued democracy best form of government

Believed in rights for the individual

All people are created equal

Government should defend individual rights and protect good of the whole

Impact of the Enlightenment

Major ______of the ______of ______Revolution

Tackled both ______and ______issues, ______several later ______-, including America

______of Independence uses ______that John ______had about natural ______and purpose of ______.

Frederick II of Prussia

Ruled ______from 1740-1786

Enlightenment thinkers ______Frederick as a leader because he ______to himself as a “______of the state”

Made several reforms including:

Making ______system more ______

Greater ______of the ______

Improvements in ______

Outlawed ______

Joseph II of Austria

Ruled from 1780-1790

______several ______based on principles of ______and freedom:

Abolished serfdom

Allowed ______of the ______

Allowed ______of ______

Outlawed ______and death ______

Many changes ______by ______and didn’t last past Joseph’s death