CELLS: CELL FUNCTIONS

Enduring Understanding: Living systems, from molecular to organismic level, demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function that facilitate their ability to live, eliminate waste, grow, respond to their environment, and reproduce.

*References:

National Research Council. (2012). A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting

Concepts, and Core Ideas. Committee on a Conceptual Framework for New K-12 Science Education Standards.Board on Science Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Cell Functions
AP Biology Enduring Understanding 2A Growth, reproduction and maintaining the organization of living systems require energy and matter.
(1)2.A.2Organisms capture and store free energy for biological processes.
(2)2.A.1All living systems require energy.
(3)2.A.3 Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization. / Bio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles. / Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.
1.During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?
(A) A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas
(B) A plant to produce oxygen
(C) A glucose reserve
(D) A valve to release excess water
2.Which of the following statements most directly supports the claim that different species of organisms use different metabolic strategies to meet their energy requirements for growth, reproduction, and homeostasis?
(A)During cold periods pond-dwelling animals can increase the number of unsaturated fatty acids in their cell membranes while some plants make antifreeze proteins to prevent ice crystal formation in tissues.
(B)Bacteria lack introns while many eukaryoticgenes contain many of these intervening sequences.
(C)Carnivores have more teeth that are specialized for ripping food while herbivores have more teeth that are specialized for grinding food.
(D)Plants generally use starch molecules for storage while animals use glycogen and fats for storage
3.The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2+ 12 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6+ 6 O2+ 6 H2O
If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
(A)During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, the hydrogen atoms combine with the CO2, and oxygen gas is released.
(B)During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released.
(C)During the Calvin cycle, water is split, regenerating NADPH from NADP+, and oxygen gas is released.
(D)During the Calvin cycle, water is split, the hydrogen atoms are added to intermediates of sugar synthesis, and oxygen gas is released / Bio.1.1.3
Constructed Response: Explain how many of the cells in an individual can be very different from one another in terms of structure and function, even though they are descended from a single cell and thus have essentially identical genetic instructions.
------Nerve cells and bone cells are specialized cells that descend from the same single cell (fertilized egg). Which statement best explains how each type of cell results in a different structure with a specialized function?
  1. Nerve cells and bone cells begin with the same structure; however, bone cells harden over time.
  2. Nerve cells and bone cells receive different DNA that determines the structure and function that each will perform.
  3. Nerve cells and bone cells receive the same DNA; however, only specific parts of the DNA are activated in each cell.
  4. Nerve cells and bone cells receive the same DNA; however, bone cells receive more to make the protective outer covering.
/ Bio.4.1.3
How do enzymes speed up biological chemical reactions?
  1. Enzymes increase the energy required for a reaction to occur.
  2. Enzymes decrease the energy required for a reaction to occur.
  3. Enzymes have no affect on the energy required for a reaction to occur.
  4. Enzymes maintain the energy needed for a reaction to occur.
Bio.4.2 Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell.
Bio.4.2.1
How does the process of photosynthesis in plants provide energy for animals?
  1. The water and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis are converted into glucose and ATP for animals.
  2. The glucose and ATP used in photosynthesis are converted into water and carbon dioxide for animals.
  3. The glucose and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis are converted into proteins for animals.
  4. The oxygen and glucose produced through photosynthesis are converted into lipids for animals.

Cell FunctionsBio.3.2 Understand how the environment, and/or the interaction of alleles, influences the expression of genetic traits. / Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system. / Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.
Bio.3.2.1
Why is the process of meiosis important to sexual reproduction?
  1. It provides genetic variation in offspring.
  2. It doubles the number of chromosomes in offspring.
  3. It reduces the number of alleles from parent to offspring.
  4. It produces a hybrid of all genetic traits in offspring.
/ Bio.1.2.1
A student placed an onion root tip sample (Side A) into a liquid solution (Side B). The diagram below shows the same type of molecule on side A and side B. Over time, what is the likely result? Explain your choice.

  1. More molecules will be on Side B than Side A.
  2. More molecules will be on Side A than Side B.
  3. Equal number of molecules will be on Side A & B.
  4. All of the molecules will move towards the membrane.
/ Bio.1.2.2
A student observes a typical onion root tip where many of the cells have just successfully completed mitosis. Which statement best explains what must have happened to result in cells that only have half as many chromosomes as all of the other cells in the same section of the tip?
  1. The parent cell completed mitosis after undergoing interphase.
  2. The parent cell completed mitosis after undergoing cytokinesis.
  3. The parent cell completed mitosis before undergoing cytokinesis.
  4. The parent cell completed mitosis before undergoing interphase.
/ Bio.4.1.2
How does the DNA code become a protein?
a. DNA mRNA  tRNA amino acid  protein
  1. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid  protein
  2. DNA  mRNA  amino acid  tRNA  protein
  3. DNA  amino acid  mRNA  tRNA  protein

Cell FunctionsBio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA. / Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms. / Bio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.
Bio.3.1.2
This chart represents amino acids that are coded from different combinations of mRNA codons.
Which amino acid sequence can be coded from the DNA sequence CAG TAG CGA?
a. Valine — Isoleucine — Glycine
b. Valine — Aspartic Acid — Alanine
c. Valine — Isoleucine — Alanine
d. Valine — Phenylalanine — Alanine
(NGSS:HS-LS1-1) PE
HS-LS1-1.Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of
proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.
[Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell ortissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions,orthebiochemistryof protein synthesis. / Bio.4.1.1
Why would a distance runner consume carbohydrates instead of proteins before a race?
  1. Carbohydrates provide insulation for heat.
  2. Carbohydrates provide structure for tissues.
  3. Carbohydrates provide genetic material for muscle cells.
  4. Carbohydrates provide energy for endurance.
/ Bio.1.1.2
A student observed a sample of pond water and saw that the organisms had different types of structures. Which observation can be used to distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms in the sample?
  1. the presence of chlorophyll inside a structure
  2. the absence of cytoplasm inside the cell
  3. the presence of ribosomes inside the cell
  4. the presence of a membrane around the structures
/ Bio.1.1.1
A runner is competing in a 10 km track meet and just before completing the race, the runner is nearly out of breath and the energy needed to finish the race. Which cell structure is most affected by this lack of energy?
  1. nucleus
  2. ribosome
  3. mitochondrion
  4. plasma membrane

8.L.1 Understand the hazards caused by agents of diseases that affect living organisms. / 7.L.1 Understand the processes, structures and functions of living organisms that enable them to survive, reproduce and carry out the basic functions of life. / 7.L.2 Understand the relationship of the mechanisms of cellular reproduction, patterns of inheritance and external factors to potential variation among offspring.
8.L.1.1 / 7.L.1.3
Which of the following is organized from simplest to most complex?
  1. cells->organs->organ systems->tissues->the organism
  2. cells->tissues->organs->organ systems->the organism*
  3. the organism->organ systems->organs->tissues->cells
  4. tissues->cells->organs->organ systems->the organism
/ 7.L.1.4 HS-LS1-2
How do the lungs function within the excretory system?
  1. the lungs exchange oxygen and carbon monoxide
  2. the lungs absorb carbon dioxide from the air
  3. the lungs help to release carbon dioxide while absorbing nutrients
  4. the lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide and release waste products in cells.*
/ 7.L.2.1
Which best explains why sexual reproduction produces greatervariations in the offspring?
  1. The DNA come from two genetically different parents.*
  2. The DNA comes from one parent that is genetically identical.
  3. The sex cells are produced by mitosis.
  4. The sex cells undergo self fertilization.

7.L.1 Understand the processes, structures and functions of living organisms that enable them to survive, reproduce and carry out the basic functions of life. / 6.L.1 Understand the structures, processes and behaviors of plants that enable them to survive and reproduce.
7.L.1.2 / 7.L.1.1
Which characteristic do volvox and euglena share?
  1. They both have eye spots.
  2. The both use flagella to move.*
  3. They both have eye spots and use flagella to move.
  4. They have neither eye spots nor flagella.
/ 6.L.1.2
Photosynthesis is a vital process to the survival of plants and other organisms. Which best describes the significance of photosynthesis to the survival of green plants?
  1. It provides protection from cold weather.
  2. It provides plant matter for growth.
  3. It provides oxygen for humans.
  4. It provides carbon dioxide for other plants.
Photosynthesis is a vital process to the survival of plants and other organisms. Which best describes the significance of photosynthesis to the survival of other organisms?
  1. It provides protection from cold weather.
  2. It provides plant matter for growth.
  3. It provides oxygen for animals.
  4. It provides carbon dioxide for other plants.
/ 6.L.1.1
Plants reproduce in a variety of ways, sometimes depending on other organisms for survival. Which best describes how flowers help some plants survive?
  1. Flowers make food.
  2. Flowers provide heat.
  3. Flowers absorb water from the air to aid with photosynthesis.
  4. Flowers attract birds and insects to aid with reproduction.
.
1.L.1 Understand characteristics of various environments and behaviors of humans that enable plants and animals to survive. / K.L.1 Compare characteristics of animals that make them alike and different from other animals and nonliving things. (5A/P1)
1.L.1.1 / K.L.1.2The pictures below represent an owl, abutterfly and a statue of an owl. What do the owl and butterfly have in common and how are they different? How is a living owl similar to the statue and how are they different?