What to study - Cells Exam

CELL THEORY

  • 3 parts:

1. Cells are the basic unit of FUNCTION of all living things.

2. Cells are the basic unit of STRUCTURE of all living things.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

  • Exceptions: viruses are not made up of cells (only a protein coat and DNA) BUT they act like living things

CELL ORGANELLES

  • In both animal and plant cells

–cell membrane: controls what enters and leaves the cell (selectively permeable or semi-permeable)

–cytoplasm: gel-like substance, holds all cell organelles

– nucleus: controls all cell activities

–nucleolus: produces ribosomes

– ribosomes: produce proteins

–endoplasmic reticulum: transport materials throughout the cell

–vacuoles: store materials

–lysosomes: break down food, old cell parts, bacteria

–mitochondria: produce energy (respiration)

–golgi bodies: package materials

  • Only in animal cells: centrioles incolved in cell division
  • Only in plant cells:

–cell wall  rigid, gives plant cell shape and support

–chloroplasts produces food for the cell (photosynthesis)

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

TYPES OF ORGANISMS

  • Prokaryotic cells: do not contain a nucleus (DNA is floating in the cytoplasm

–Contain ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane

–Do not contain membrane-bound organelles

  • Eukaryotic cells: contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • Unicellular organisms: one-celled organisms
  • Multicellular organisms: made up of many specialized cells

–Specialized cells: have a specific function

CELL ORGANIZATION: cells tissues  organs  organ tissues  organ systems  organism

CELL TRANSPORT

  • Passive transport: substances move from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration, no energy required

–Diffusion: movement of substances from a a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration

  • Stops until equilibrium is reached (equal concentration on both sides)

–Osmosis: movement of water froma HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration

  • Active transport: substances move from a LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration, energy is required

CELL RESPIRATION:

  • Aerobic: C6 H12 O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 36ATP (occurs in mitochondria)
  • Anaerobic: C6 H12 O6  CO2 + 2 ATP (occurs in cytoplasm)
  1. yeastalcoholic fermentation (

C6 H12 O6  alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP

  1. muscle cells lactic acid fermentation

C6 H12 O6  lactic acid + 2 ATP

CLASSIFICATION

  • 7 levels of classification: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

–Kingdom: largest level, made up of diverse organisms

–Species: organisms are very closely related, able to mate and produce fertile offspring

  • Binomial nomenclature: devised by Carolus Linnaeus

–Genus species

  • 6 kingdoms

–Archaebacteria: unicellular, prokaryotic, found in extreme environments (hot springs, thermal vents, etc)

–Eubacteria: unicellular, prokaryotic, found everywhere (good and bad bacteria)

–Protist: unicellular, eukaryotic

  • Protozoa: heterotrophic protists (ameba and paramecia)
  • Algae: autotrophic protists

-Fungi: multicellular, heterotrophic (absorb digested food from environment)

  • Ex: mold, mushrooms, yeast (unicellular)

-Plant: multicellular, autotrophic

-Animal: multicellular, heterotrophic

  • Dichotomous keys: have two descriptive statements at each step

–Used to identify an organism