CE 006 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES SYLLABUS:

  1. Introduction to tunnelling:

Fundamental definitions, tunnelling art and engineering, historical development

  1. Geological aspects of tunnelling:

Geological investigation, evaluation and appreciation, importance of geological knowledge, aim of geological investigation, principal elements of exploration programme, Influence of geological conditions on design and construction of tunnels

  1. The Geological Environment:

Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, Rock alteration, rock mass deformation by folding action, faults: characteristics and influence on tunnelling, joints and their relevance to tunnelling, groundwater aspects, squeezing and swelling ground conditions, gases in rocks.rock temperatures, sloping ground surface conditions, tunnelling in soft ground, classification of soft ground tunnelling conditions, rockburst phenomena in tunnels.

  1. Tunnelling methods: Soft ground conditions,

Shield Tunnels, Advantagesofshield tunnelling, Conventional Tunnelling Shields, OpenShield, Closed and Half Shields, Special Features of ShieldTunnelling, excavation, Shield control, Settlement, Pipe Jacking, SpecialShieldTunnellingMethods, The D.K. Shield, Slime shields, Earth Pressure Balance Shield, Slurry-shield tunnelling,

  1. Tunnelling methods: rock conditions using drill and blast

Influence of rock strength on excavation, influenceof tunnelsize, summary of drilling and blasting method of tunnel excavation drillingblastingdebris clearance, ground supportdrillingandblasting:basicoperations, tunnelexcavationusingexplosives, blastingcuts, minimisinggroundvibrations, blastingwithnon-electricinitiation, improvedblastingefficiency, rockdrillabilityfactors, percussivedrilling, mechanism of rock breakage, smoothprofileblasting, computer-aideddrilling, tunnellingprogresswithdrillandblastexcavation

  1. Tunnelling methods: rock conditions using roadheader machine excavation

Roadheaders: development and application, roadheaders: tunnellingexperience andpracticeroadheaders: power and weight, cuttingprincipleofroadheaders:rippingversusmilling, high-pressure water jet assistedcutting, cutter picks, large radial picks, forward attack picks, roadheader cutting ability, improved control of roadheaders, roadheaders flexibility and adaptabilitytotunnelling conditions

  1. Adverse ground conditions: effect on tunnelling

Zones with extensive minor faultingwide fault zones containing gouge with boulders;weak zones with collapse potential; anddisturbed zones containing weakened joint structures, heavilyadverse geology and TBM tunnelling problemsspecific adverse geological features and their effect on tunnelling machineoperations,squeezing ground,tunnel cave-ins: general characteristics encountering adverse ground conditions.

  1. Ground treatment in tunnelling

Ground control; general appreciation, weak cohesionless soils: water and instability problems, ground treatment methods, dewatering using well bores electro-osmosis, grouting, ground freezing, investigation procedures, consolidation grouting, compaction grouting, jet grouting

  1. Design and support of tunnels: operational criteria and principal support types

Temporary ground support, primary lining, secondary lining, requirements for tunnels, ground classification in relation to tunnel, constructability, geotechnical design, considerations,common support types used in civil engineering tunnels, mining engineering tunnels, mining legislation, in situ stresscommon support types used in mining, engineering tunnels, design methods:analytical methods,computational or numerical methods, empirical methods,

  1. Support of tunnels: rock reinforcement

Rock dowels, rock bolts, rock anchors, mechanisms of support, physical aspects of rock reinforcement, ancillaryitems, influence of physical aspects of rock reinforcement systems and their range of application, typical dimensions of rock bolt, face plates, bondcharacteristics, role played by time in rock reinforcement, installation technology, installation process.

  1. Support of tunnels: concrete and shotcrete linings

Concrete Segmental Supports, Role of steel reinforcement of concrete segments, Design and application aspects of precast concrete segmental linings, Yielding properties of segmental concrete linings, Cast In Situ or Monolithic Concrete Linings, Waterproofing of Concrete Linings, Shotcrete technology: operational and range of application aspects, Shotcrete, General applications of shotcrete.

  1. Support of tunnels: new austrian tunnelling method

Historical aspects of NATM, General Concepts of NATM, Principal historical developments of NATM, NATM: Soft Ground Tunnelling Applications, Achieving improved ground support control, Influence of stand-up time, Advantages of NATM for soft ground tunnelling

  1. Stresses and displacements associated with excavation of tunnels

Stresses in the Earth, Effect of Tunnel Formation on the Stress Field, Gravity Loading of Near Surface Tunnels, Non-hydrostatic stresses, Rock Mass Failure and Displacements, Interaction of tunnel stress fields

  1. Design of tunnels: soft ground

Soft ground conditions, Soft ground tunnel design principles, General Design Considerations, Effect of Lining Type on Design Methods, General lining design considerations: soft ground tunnels, Cast iron linings, Tunnel Lining Design in Relation to Shield Loading, Limitations of Numerical Design Techniques, Geotechnical data in numerical design, Stress conditions and design approach, Stress-strain behaviour and design aspects, Alternative Design Methods, Surface Subsidence Associated with Soft Ground Tunnelling, Stability of tunnel heading in clay,Stability of tunnel heading in clay.

  1. Design of tunnels: rock conditions

Design of Tunnels with respect to Rock Structure, Rock mass structure considerations, Rock mass structure: influence on tunnel stability, Rock Mass Classification Systems, Rock load classification according to Terzaghi, RQD index as a qualitative description of the rock mass, limitations and advantages, Lauffer-Pacher classification, Rock structure rating (RSR), Geomechanics Classification:Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Geomechanics Classification:Rock Mass Rating (RMR), NGl Tunnelling Quality Index (Q System), General Comments on Application of Rock Mass Classification Schemes, Comparison of Rock Mass Classification Schemes, Alternative Design Approaches: Rock Structure Instability, Applications of Support to Controlling Rock Mass Structural Features, Effect of excavation size, Design of Tunnels: Stress Induced Closures and Instability, Significance of magnitude and orientation of stress field, Rock Mass Behaviour, Homogeneity and anisotropy, Incorporation of Support Characteristics into Numerical Design, Non-numerical Design Methods,Tunnel Design and Stress Induced Instability and Closure