Supplemental Digital Content 1

CATIA/IVA-Pump/IVAFeed (1982-2014)

  1. Lauven PM, Stoeckel H, Schwilden H. A microprocessor controlled infusion scheme for midazolam to achieve constant plasma levels. Anaesthesist 1982;31:15-20
  2. Schüttler J, Schwilden H, Stoekel H. Pharmacokinetics as applied to total intravenous anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1983;38 Suppl:53-6.
  3. Schüttler J, Schwilden H, Stoeckel H. Infusion strategies to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hypnotic drugs: etomidate as an example. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1985;2:133-42.
  4. Schüttler J, Kloos S, Schwilden H, Stoeckel H. Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil by computer-assisted infusion. Anaesthesia 1988;43 Suppl:2-7.
  5. Gepts E, Jonckheer K, Maes V, Sonck W, Camu F. Disposition kinetics of propofol during alfentanil anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1988;43(Suppl):8-13
  6. Taniguchi M, Nadstawek J, Langenbach U, Bremer F, Schramm J. Effects of four intravenous anesthetic agents on motor evoked potentials elicited by magnetic transcranial stimulation. Neurosurgery 1993;33:407-15.
  7. Hering WJ, Ihmsen H, Langer H, Uhrlau C, Dinkel M, Geisslinger G, Schüttler J. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the new steroid hypnotic eltanolone in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 1996;85:1290-9.
  8. Hering W, Ihmsen H, Albrecht S, Schwilden H, Schüttler J. RO 48-6791--a short acting benzodiazepine. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in young and old subjects in comparison to midazolam. Anaesthesist 1996;45:1211-4.
  9. Dingemanse J, Haussler J, Hering W, Ihmsen H, Albrecht S, Zell M, Schwilden H, Schüttler J. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the EEG effects of Ro 48-6791, a new short-acting benzodiazepine, in young and elderly subjects. Br J Anaesth 1997;79:567-74.
  10. Albrecht S, Ihmsen H, Hering W, Geisslinger G, Dingemanse J, Schwilden H, Schüttler J. The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of midazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther1999;65:630-9.
  11. Koppert W, Dern SK, Sittl R, Albrecht S, Schüttler J, Schmelz M. A new model of electrically evoked pain and hyperalgesia in human skin: the effects of intravenous alfentanil, S(+)-ketamine, and lidocaine. Anesthesiology 2001;95:395-402.
  12. Röpcke H, Könen-Bergmann M, Cuhls M, Bouillon T, Hoeft A. Propofol and remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction during orthopedic surgical procedures as measured by effects on bispectral index. J Clin Anesth 2001;13:198-207.
  13. Ihmsen H, Geisslinger G, Schüttler J. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine: R(-)-ketamine inhibits the elimination of S(+)-ketamine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;70:431-8
  14. Schwilden H, Fechner J, Albrecht S, Hering W, Ihmsen H, Schüttler J. Testing and modelling the interaction of alfentanil and propofol on the EEG. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2003;20:363-72.
  15. Fechner J, Hering W, Ihmsen H, Palmaers T, Schüttler J, Albrecht S. Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2003;20:373-9.
  16. Fechner J, Ihmsen H, Hatterscheid D, Jeleazcov C, Schiessl C, Vornov JJ, Schwilden H, Schüttler J. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new propofol prodrug GPI 15715 and propofol emulsion. Anesthesiology 2004;101:626-39.
  17. Ihmsen H, Jeleazcov C, Schüttler J, Schwilden H, Bremer F. [Accuracy of target-controlled infusion (TCI) with 2 different propofol formulations]. Anaesthesist 2004;53:937-43.
  18. Fechner J, Ihmsen H, Schiessl C, Jeleazcov C, Vornov JJ, Schwilden H, Schüttler J. Sedation with GPI 15715, a water-soluble prodrug of propofol, using target-controlled infusion in volunteers. Anesth Analg 2005;100:701-6.
  19. Ihmsen H, Jeleazcov C, Schüttler J, Schwilden H, Bremer F. Pharmakodynamik zweier unterschiedlicher Propofolformulierungen. Anaesthesist 2006;55:635-42.
  20. Ihmsen H, Naguib K, Schneider G, Schwilden H, Schüttler J, Kochs E. Teletherapeutic drug administration by long distance closed-loop control of propofol. Br J Anaesth 2007;98:189-95
  21. Jeleazcov C, Saari TI, Ihmsen H, Schüttler J, Fechner J. Changes in total and unbound concentrations of sufentanil during target controlled infusion for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth 2012;109:698-706.
  22. Fechner J, Ihmsen H, Schüttler J, Jeleazcov C. The impact of intra‐operative sufentanil dosing on post-operative pain, hyperalgesia and morphine consumption after cardiac surgery. EurJ Pain 2013;17:562-70.
  23. Jeleazcov C, Saari TI, Ihmsen H, Mell J, Frohlich K, Krajinovic L, Fechner J, Schüttler J. Population pharmacokinetic modeling of hydromorphone in cardiac surgery patients during postoperative pain therapy. Anesthesiology 2014;120:378-91

TIAC (1985-1992)

  1. Ausems ME, Stanski DR, Hug CC. An evaluation of the accuracy of pharmacokinetic data for the computer assisted infusion of alfentanil. Br J Anaesth 1985;57:1217-25.
  2. Lemmens HJ, Bovill JG, Hennis PJ, Burm AG. Age has no effect on the pharmacodynamics of alfentanil. Anesth Analg 1988;67:956-60.
  3. Auserns ME, Vuyk J, Hug Jr CC, Stanski DR. Comparison of a computer-assisted infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide for lower abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 1988;68:851-61.
  4. Lemmens HJ, Burm AG, Bovill JG, Hennis PJ. Pharmacodynamics of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide anaesthesia in the elderly patient. Br J Anaesth 1988;61:173-9.
  5. Lemmens H, Bovill J, Burm A, Hennis P. Alfentanil infusion in the elderly. Anaesthesia 1988;43:850-6
  6. Lemmens H, Bovill J, Hennis P, Gladines M, Burm A. Alcohol consumption alters the pharmacodynamics of alfentanil. Anesthesiology 1989;71:669-74.
  7. Maitre PO, Buhrer M, Shafer SL, Stanski DR. Estimating the rate of thiopental blood-brain equilibration using pseudo steady state serum concentrations. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1990;18:175-87.
  8. Lemmens HJ, Burm AG, Bovill JG, Hennis PJ, Gladines MP. Pharmacodynamics of Alfentanil The Role of Plasma Protein Binding. Anesthesiology 1992;76:65-70.
  9. Vuyk J, Engbers FH, Lemmens HJ, Burm AG, Vletter AA, Gladines MP, Bovill JG. Pharmacodynamics of propofol in female patients. Anesthesiology 1992;77:3-9
  10. Buhrer M, Maitre PO, Hung OR, Ebling WF, Shafer SL, Stanski DR. Thiopental Pharmacodynamics I. Defining the Pseudo-Steady-state Serum Concentration-EEG Effect Relationship. Anesthesiology 1992;77:226-36.

CACI (1985-2001)

  1. Alvis JM, Reves J, Govier AV, Menkhaus PG, Henling CE, Spain J, Bradley E. Computer-assisted continuous infusions of fentanyl during cardiac anesthesia: comparison with a manual method. Anesthesiology 1985;63:41-9.
  2. Alvis J, Reves J, Spain J, Sheppard LC. Computer-assisted continuous infusion of the intravenous analgesic fentanyl during general anesthesia-an interactive system. Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 1985;5:323-9.
  3. Flezzani P, Alvis MJ, Jacobs J, Bai S, Reves J. Sufentanil disposition during cardiopulmonary bypass. Can JAnaesth 1987;34:566-9
  4. Reves JG, Glass P, Jacobs JR. Alfentanil and midazolam: new anesthetic drugs for continuous infusion and an automated method of administration. Mt Sinai J Med 1989;56:99-107
  5. Glass PS, Jacobs JR, Smith LR, Ginsberg B, Quill TJ, Bai SA, Reves J. Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of fentanyl: Assessment of accuracy. Anesthesiology 1990;73:1082-90.
  6. Kern FH, Ungerleider RM, Jacobs JR, Boyd JL,3rd, Reves JG, Goodman D, Greeley WJ. Computerized continuous infusion of intravenous anesthetic drugs during pediatric cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1991;72:487-92
  7. Telford RJ, Glass PS, Goodman D, Jacobs JR. Fentanyl does not alter the" sleep" plasma concentration of thiopental. Anesth Analg 1992;75:523-9.
  8. Glass PS, Doherty M, Jacobs JR, Goodman D, Smith LR. Plasma concentration of fentanyl, with 70% nitrous oxide, to prevent movement at skin incision. Anesthesiology 1993;78:842-7.
  9. Theil DR, Stanley III TE, White WD, Goodman DK, Glass PS, Bai SA, Jacobs JR, Reves J. Midazolam and fentanyl continuous infusion anesthesia for cardiac surgery: comparison of computer-assisted versus manual infusion systems. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1993;7:300-6.
  10. Smith C, McEwan AI, Jhaveri R, Wilkinson M, Goodman D, Smith LR, Glass PS. The interaction of fentanyl on the Cp50 of propofol for loss of consciousness and skin incision. Anesthesiology 1994;81:820-8
  11. Glass PS, Jhaveri RM, Smith LR. Comparison of potency and duration of action of nalmefene and naloxone. Anesth Analg 1994;78:536-41.
  12. Jacobs JR, Reves J, Marty J, White WD, Bai SA, Smith L. Aging increases pharmacodynamic sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of midazolam. Anesth Analg 1995;80:143-8.
  13. Newman MF, Murkin JM, Roach G, Croughwell ND, White WD, Clements FM, Reves JG. Cerebral physiologic effects of burst suppression doses of propofol during nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 1995;81:452-7
  14. Veselis RA, Glass P, Dnistrian A, Reinsel R. Performance of computer-assisted continuous infusion at low concentrations of intravenous sedatives. Anesth Analg 1997;84:1049-57.
  15. Feshchenko V, Veselis R, Reinsel R. Comparison of the EEG effects of midazolam, thiopental, and propofol: the role of underlying oscillatory systems. Neuropsychobiol 1997;35:211-20
  16. Zomorodi K, Donner A, Somma J, Barr J, Sladen R, Ramsay J, Geller E, Shafer SL. Population pharmacokinetics of midazolam administered by target controlled infusion for sedation following coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesthesiology 1998;89:1418-29.
  17. Reinsel RA, Veselis RA, Dnistrian AM, Feshchenko VA, Beattie BJ, Duff MR. Midazolam decreases cerebral blood flow in the left prefrontal cortex in a dose-dependent fashion. Int J Neuropsychopharm 2000;3:117-27.
  18. Mathew JP, Weatherwax KJ, East CJ, White WD, Reves J. Bispectral analysis during cardiopulmonary bypass: the effect of hypothermia on the hypnotic state. J Clin Anesth 2001;13:301-5

Tackley (1989-1999):

  1. Tackley RM, Lewis GT, Prys-Roberts C, Boaden RW, Dixon J, Harvey JT. Computer controlled infusion of propofol. Br J Anaesth 1989;62:46-53
  2. Gray C, Swinhoe CF, Myint Y, Mason D. Target controlled infusion of ketamine as analgesia for TIVA with propofol. Can J Anaesth 1999;46:957-61

Infusion TOOLBOX (1989-2006)

  1. Barvais L, Coussaert E, Cantraine F, d'Hollander A. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous anaesthetic drugs given by infusion: SPINA - a software program. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1989;6:435-47
  2. Cantraine F, Barvais L, d'Hollander A, Coussaert E. MINA : Monitoring of infusion anaesthesia. A system to monitor the infusion of 4 IV drugs under the control of a personal computer. Int J Clin Mon Comp 1989; 6:109-117
  3. Barvais L, Cantraine F, Coussaert E, d'Hollander A. CINA: A software to compose infusion sheets for IV anesthetic drug. Int J Clin Mon Comp 1991;8: 225-229
  4. Barvais L, Cantraine F, d'Hollander A, Coussaert E. Predictive accuracy of continuous alfentanil infusion in volunteers: variability of different pharmacokinetic sets. Anesth Analg 1993;77:801-810
  5. Barvais L, d'Hollander A, Schmartz D, Hendrice C, Cantraine F, Coussaert E. Predictive accuracy of Alfentanil infusion in coronary artery surgery : a pre-bypass study in middle-aged and elderly patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1994;8:278-283
  6. Barvais L, d'Hollander A, Coussaert E, Cantraine F, Gangji D. Predictive accuracy of Midazolam in adult patients scheduled for coronary surgery. J Clin Anesth 1994;6:297-302
  7. Barvais L, Rausin I, Glen JB, Hunter SC, Cantraine F, d'Hollander A. Administration of Propofol by target controlled infusion in patients undergoing coronary surgery. J Cardiothor Vasc Anesth 1996;10:877-883
  8. Meijers R, Schmartz D, Cantraine F, Barvais L, d'Hollander AA, Blom H. Clinical evaluation of an automatic blood pressure controller during cardiac surgery. J Clin Monit 1997;13:261-268
  9. Barvais L, Heitz D, Schmartz D, Coussaert E, Cantraine F, d'Hollander AA. Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of sufentanil and midazolam during cardiac surgery. J Cardiothor Vasc Anesth 2000;14:1-8
  10. Macquaire V, Cantraine F, Schmartz D, Coussaert E, Barvais L. Target controlled infusion of Propofol induction with or without plasma concentration constraint in high risk adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46: 1010-16
  11. Barvais L, Engelman E, Eba JM, Coussaert E, Cantraine F, Kenny GN. Effect site concentrations of remifentanil and pupil response to noxious stimulation. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:347-52.
  12. Lequeux PY, Cantraine F, Levarlet M, Barvais L. Absence of explicit and implicit memory in unconscious patients using a TCI of propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:833-7.
  13. Lequeux PY, Velghe-Lenelle CE, Cantraine F, Sosnowski M, Barvais L. Absence of implicit and explicit memory during propofol/remifentanil anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005;22:333-6
  14. Liu N, Chazot T, Genty A, Landais A, Restoux A, McGee K, Laloe PA, Trillat B, Barvais L, Fischler M. Titration of propofol for anesthetic induction and maintenance guided by the bispectral index: closed-loop versus manual control: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Anesthesiology 2006;104:686-95
  15. Liu N, Chazot T, Trillat B, Pirracchio R, Law-Koune JD, Barvais L, Fischler M. Feasibility of closed-loop titration of propofol guided by the Bispectral Index for general anaesthesia induction: a prospective randomized study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23:465-9

Diprifusor prototypes (1990-2013):

  1. White M, Kenny GN. Intravenous propofol anaesthesia using a computerised infusion system. Anaesthesia 1990;45:204-9
  2. Marsh B, White M, Morton N, Kenny GN. Pharmacokinetic model driven infusion of propofol in children. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:41-8.
  3. Church JA, Stanton PD, Kenny GN, Anderson JR. Propofol for sedation during endoscopy: assessment of a computer- controlled infusion system. Gastrointest Endosc 1991;37:175-9.
  4. Chaudhri S, White M, Kenny GN. Induction of anaesthesia with propofol using a target-controlled infusion system. Anaesthesia 1992;47:551-3.
  5. Kenny GN, White M. A portable target controlled propofol infusion system. Int J Clin Monit Comput 1992;9:179-82.
  6. Davies FW, White M, Kenny GN. Postoperative analgesia using a computerised infusion of alfentanil following aortic bifurcation graft surgery. Int J Clin Monit Comput 1992;9:207-12.
  7. Skipsey IG, Colvin JR, Mackenzie N, Kenny GN. Sedation with propofol during surgery under local blockade. Assessment of a target-controlled infusion system. Anaesthesia 1993;48:210-3.
  8. Taylor I, White M, Kenny GN. Assessment of the value and pattern of use of a target controlled propofol infusion system. Int J Clin Monit Comput 1993;10:175-80
  9. Davidson JA, Macleod AD, Howie JC, White M, Kenny GN. Effective concentration 50 for propofol with and without 67% nitrous oxide. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993;37:458-64.
  10. Russell D, Wilkes MP, Hunter SC, Glen JB, Hutton P, Kenny GN. Manual compared with target-controlled infusion of propofol. Br J Anaesth 1995;75:562-6.
  11. Davies FW, Mantzaridis H, Fisher AC, Kenny GN. Middle latency auditory evoked potentials during repeated transitions from consciousness to unconsciousness. Anaesthesia 1996;51:107-13.
  12. Irwin MG, Jones RD, Visram AR, Kenny GN. Patient-controlled alfentanil. Target-controlled infusion for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 1996;51:427-30
  13. Doi M, Gajraj RJ, Mantzaridis H, Kenny GN. Relationship between calculated blood concentration of propofol and electrophysiological variables during emergence from anaesthesia: comparison of bispectral index, spectral edge frequency, median frequency and auditory evoked potential index. Br J Anaesth 1997;78:180-4.
  14. Irwin MG, Thompson N, Kenny GN. Patient-maintained propofol sedation. Assessment of a target-controlled infusion system. Anaesthesia 1997;52:525-30
  15. Mantzaridis H, Kenny GN. Auditory evoked potential index: a quantitative measure of changes in auditory evoked potentials during general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1997;52:1030-6.
  16. Doi M, Gajraj RJ, Mantzaridis H, Kenny GN. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia on electroencephalographic variables. Anaesthesia 1997;52:1048-55.
  17. Gajraj RJ, Doi M, Mantzaridis H, Kenny GN. Analysis of the EEG bispectrum, auditory evoked potentials and the EEG power spectrum during repeated transitions from consciousness to unconsciousness. Br J Anaesth 1998;80:46-52
  18. Schraag S, Kenny GN, Mohl U, Georgieff M. Patient-maintained remifentanil target-controlled infusion for the transition to early postoperative analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:365-8.
  19. Schraag S, Checketts MR, Kenny GN. Lack of rapid development of opioid tolerance during alfentanil and remifentanil infusions for postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1999;89:753-7
  20. Doi M, Gajraj RJ, Mantzaridis H, Kenny GN. Prediction of movement at laryngeal mask airway insertion: comparison of auditory evoked potential index, bispectral index, spectral edge frequency and median frequency. Br J Anaesth 1999;82:203-7.
  21. Murdoch JA, Kenny GN. Patient-maintained propofol sedation as premedication in day-case surgery: assessment of a target-controlled system. Br J Anaesth 1999;82:429-31.
  22. Gajraj RJ, Doi M, Mantzaridis H, Kenny GN. Comparison of bispectral EEG analysis and auditory evoked potentials for monitoring depth of anaesthesia during propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1999;82:672-8
  23. Stuart PC, Moores A, Sandbach J, Kenny GN, Russell D. Patient mantained analgesia with remifentanil following daycase gynaecological laparoscopy. Br J Anaesth 1999;82 (Suppl):118-9.
  24. Stuart PC, Stott SM, Millar A, Kenny GN, Russell D. Propofol EC 50 with and without 67% nitrous oxide. Br J Anaesth 1999;82 (Suppl):129-30.
  25. Kenny GN, Mantzaridis H. Closed-loop control of propofol anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1999;83:223-8.
  26. Murdoch J, Grant S, Kenny G. Safety of patient-maintained propofol sedation using a target- controlled system in healthy volunteers. Br J Anaesth 2000;85:299-301.
  27. Gallagher G, Rae CP, Kenny GN, Kinsella J. The use of a target-controlled infusion of alfentanil to provide analgesia for burn dressing changes. A dose finding study. Anaesthesia 2000;55:1159-63
  28. Gillham MJ, Hutchinson RC, Carter R, Kenny GN. Patient-maintained sedation for ERCP with a target-controlled infusion of propofol: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:14-7
  29. Absalom AR, Sutcliffe N, Kenny GN. Closed-loop control of anesthesia using Bispectral index: performance assessment in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery under combined general and regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96:67-73.
  30. Milne SE, Horgan PG, Kenny GN. Target-controlled infusions of propofol and remifentanil with closed-loop anaesthesia for hepatic resection. Anaesthesia 2002;57:93.
  31. Henderson F, Absalom AR, Kenny GN. Patient-maintained propofol sedation: a follow up safety study using a modified system in volunteers. Anaesthesia 2002;57:387-90.
  32. Leslie K, Absalom A, Kenny GN. Closed loop control of sedation for colonoscopy using the Bispectral Index. Anaesthesia 2002;57:693-7.
  33. Bothtner U, Milne SE, Kenny GN, Georgieff M, Schraag S. Bayesian probabilistic network modeling of remifentanil and propofol interaction on wakeup time after closed-loop controlled anesthesia. J Clin Monit Comput 2002;17:31-6
  34. Milne SE, Kenny GN, Schraag S. Propofol sparing effect of remifentanil using closed-loop anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:623-9.
  35. Absalom AR, Kenny GN. Closed-loop control of propofol anaesthesia using bispectral index: performance assessment in patients receiving computer-controlled propofol and manually controlled remifentanil infusions for minor surgery. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:737-41.
  36. Purdie NL, Kenny GN, McGrady EM. Patient controlled administration of intravenous alfentanil during elective caesarean section under subarachnoid anaesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003;12:169-72
  37. Leitch JA, Anderson K, Gambhir S, Millar K, Robb ND, McHugh S, Kenny GN. A partially blinded randomised controlled trial of patient-maintained propofol sedation and operator controlled midazolam sedation in third molar extractions. Anaesthesia 2004;59:853-60
  38. Anderson KJ, Leitch JA, Green JS, Kenny GN. Effect-site controlled patient maintained propofol sedation: a volunteer safety study. Anaesthesia 2005;60:235-8.
  39. Doi M, Morita K, Mantzaridis H, Sato S, Kenny GN. Prediction of responses to various stimuli during sedation: a comparison of three EEG variables. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:41-7
  40. Chapman RM, Anderson K, Green J, Leitch JA, Gambhir S, Kenny GN. Evaluation of a new effect-site controlled, patient-maintained sedation system in dental patients. Anaesthesia 2006;61:345-9.
  41. White M, Kenny GN, Schraag S. Use of target controlled infusion to derive age and gender covariates for propofol clearance. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47:119-27
  42. Anderson KJ, Allam S, Chapman R, Kenny GN. The effect of propofol on patient reaction time and its relationship with loss of verbal contact before induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2013;68:148-53.
  43. O'Brien C, Urquhart CS, Allam S, Anderson KJ, Leitch JA, Macpherson A, Kenny GN. Reaction time-monitored patient-maintained propofol sedation: a pilot study in oral surgery patients. Anaesthesia 2013;68:760-4.

STANPUMP (1990-2014)

  1. Shafer SL, Varvel JR, Aziz N, Scott JC. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered by computer-controlled infusion pump. Anesthesiology 1990;73:1091-102.
  2. Hung OR, Varvel JR, Shafer SL, Stanski DR. Thiopental Pharmacodynamics II. Quantitation of Clinical and Electroencephalographic Depth of Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1992;77:237-44.
  3. Jarvis DA, Duncan SR, Segal IS, Maze M. Ventilatory effects of clonidine alone and in the presence of alfentanil, in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 1992;76:899-905.
  4. Dyck J, Maze M, Haack C, Azarnoff D, Vuorilehto L, Shafer S. Computer-controlled infusion of intravenous dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in adult human volunteers. Anesthesiology 1993;78:821-8.
  5. Bailey JM, Schwieger IM, Hug Jr CC. Evaluation of sufentanil anesthesia obtained by a computer-controlled infusion for cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1993;76:247-52.
  6. Westmoreland CL, Sebel PS, Gropper A. Fentanyl or alfentanil decreases the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in surgical patients. Anesth Analg 1994;78:23-8.
  7. Hudson RJ. Midazolam pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Anesth Analg 1994;79:219-25.
  8. Veselis RA, Reinsel RA, Feshchenko VA, Wronski M, Dnistrian A, Dutcher S, Wilson R. Impaired memory and behavioral performance with fentanyl at low plasma concentrations. Anesth Analg 1994;79:952-60.
  9. Sneyd JR, Samra SK, Davidson B, Kishimoto T, Kadoya C, Domino EF. Electrophysiologic effects of propofol sedation. Anesth Analg 1994;79:1151-8.
  10. Talke P, Li J, Jain U, Leung J, Drasner K, Hollenberg M, Mangano D, Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion in patients undergoing vascular surgery. Anesthesiology 1995;82:620-33.
  11. Samra SK, Sneyd JR, Ross DA, Henry TR. Effects of propofol sedation on seizures and intracranially recorded epileptiform activity in patients with partial epilepsy. Anesthesiology 1995;82:843-51.
  12. Coetzee J, Glen J, Boshoff L. Pharmacokinetic model selection for target controlled infusions of propofol: Assessment of three parameter sets. Anesthesiology 1995;82:1328-45.
  13. Eisenach JC, Hood DD, Tuttle R, Shafer S, Smith T, Tong C. Computer-controlled epidural infusion to targeted cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in humans: Clonidine. Anesthesiology 1995;83:33-47.
  14. Fiset P, Mathers L, Engstrom R, Fitzgerald D, Brand SC, Hsu F, Shafer SL. Pharmacokinetics of computer-controlled alfentanil administration in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1995;83:944-55.
  15. Fiset P, Lemmens HL, Egan TE, Shafer SL, Stanski DR. Pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalographic effects of flumazenil in healthy volunteers sedated with midazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995;58:567-82.
  16. Arendt-Nielsen L, Nielsen J, Petersen-Felix S, Schnider T, Zbinden A. Effect of racemic mixture and the (S )-isomer of ketamine on temporal and spatial summation of pain. Br J Anaesth 1996;77:625-31.
  17. Schnider TW, Minto CF, Fiset P, Gregg KM, Shafer SL. Semilinear canonical correlation applied to the measurement of the electroencephalographic effects of midazolam and flumazenil reversal. Anesthesiology 1996;84:510-9.
  18. Egan TD, Minto CF, Hermann DJ, Barr J, Muir KT, Shafer SL. Remifentanil versus alfentanil: comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy adult male volunteers. Anesthesiology 1996;84:821-33.
  19. Schnider TW, Gaeta R, Brose W, Minto CF, Gregg KM, Shafer SL.