PROPOSED SUNSHINE HIGH QUALITY CASSAVA PROCESSING FACTORY

(EFFECTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CASSAVA PROCESSING FACTORY)

SUBMITTED BY

OJUOLAPE AYONITEMI OLAWALE

MATRIC NO: - ARC/07/2374

TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY, FEDERALUNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDOSTATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY (M. TECH) IN ARCHITECTURE

COURSE: -RESEARCH METHODS IN ARCHITECTURE

(ARC. 805)

LECTURER: - PROF. OLU OLA OGUNSOTE

APRIL, 2008

Abstract

As a result ofthe Federal Governments clamour to go back to till the ground (that is, farming) in order to reduce unemployment, increase the Gross National Product (G.N.P) and diversify the economy of the Country as a whole. The OndoState Government has thought it is wise to establish Cassava Processing Factories to be located in strategic areas (three senatorial districts) within the state. This proposal is expected to meet structural, functional and aesthetic consideration that will aid production and processing and also alleviate the poverty of the people of Ondo state. For this aim to be achieved, research is being conducted.The research method focuses on the collection of data: organization of the various information acquired for the project and the use of analyzed data for the development of a design project.

The proposed location of the factory is Ose Oba, near river Ose, Oba-Akoko, OndoState.

The major problem associated with factories is the management of the factory waste products. The solid waste and liquid waste are to be managed effectively with the use of some certain measures which include provision of a solid waste store with a drying area andprovision of liquid waste sediment pond.

1.0 PROJECT TITLE

Proposed Sunshine high quality Cassava processing factory

(Effective waste management in cassava processing factory)

1.2AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.2.1Project Aim

To design a Cassava Processing Factory to meet structural, functional and aesthetic consideration that will aid production and processing in Oba- Akoko so as to alleviate the poverty of the people of Ondo state.

1.2.2Project Objectives

The objectives of the project are to:

-Provide a factory that will process Cassava into Flour.

-Provide spatial arrangement to accommodate the Administrative, Canteen, Laboratory and FactoryBuildings.

- Provision of design that will not only enhance economic activity, but also create a process of qualitative and equitable growth.

1.3STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The major problem associated with factories is the management of the factory waste products.

1.4JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

In order to take Nigeria to her glorious past, when agriculture was the backbone of the economy and to diversify the economy. The Federal Government has advised the citizen to go back and till the ground (i.e. farming) in order to exploit the abundant agricultural resources lying fallow in the country such as cassava and set up processing factories.

In view of this, the Ondo State Government has decided to establish a Cassava Processing Factory in the three senatorial districts of the state to help actualize the goal. Moreover, market is driven by policy to have 10% cassava flour in all the bakery and confectionery flour products.

1.5DESIGN BRIEF STATEMENT

As a result ofthe Federal Governments clamour to go back to till the ground (that is, farming) in order to reduce unemployment, increase the Gross National Product (G.N.P) and diversify the economy of the Country as a whole. The Ondo State Government has thought it is wise to establish a Cassava Processing Factories to be located in strategic areas (three senatorial districts) within the state.

1.6 CLIENT: -The Ondo State Government, Nigeria is the client.

1.7 PROPOSED LOCATION:-Ose Oba, near river Ose, Oba-Akoko, OndoState .

1.8 METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

This focuses on the collection of data: organization of the various information acquired for the project and the use of analyzed data for the development of a design project. The sources of data include:-

- Selected case study of related projects to acquire

Spatial requirements. These cases intended to study include:

1)Federal Institute of Industrial Research (FIIRO), Oshodi, Lagos.

2)InternationaL Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Moniya, Ibadan

3)Vitex group of companies Ogwa, EdoState.

Some other international cases will be studied through the internet.

-Study of many literature and past design project appraisal.

Functional and performance survey of existing production lines.

1.9 EXPECTED FINDINGS

-Acquisition of appropriate capacity of the factory production.

-Study the operation of the equipments.

-Evaluation of the raw materials: water andCassava tubers the plant needed for the smooth running of the factory.

- Acquisition of splendid ideas about site planning requirements.

- Acquisition of adequate site selection criteria.

- Acquisition of amount and cost of energy requiredfor the smooth running of the factory.

2.1INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT

Cassava, a short lived erect perennial shrub with lobed leaves and lanceolate obviate leaflets planted vegetatively from hardwood stem cuttings and grow to 1.5m high producing 5-20 storage roots. It is known by various names in Nigeria, called Akpu by the Igbos, Ege by Yorubas, Igari by Ikas, Rogo by Hausa, Ijiakpu by Olukwumis midaka by urhobos e.t.c. It is predominantly cultivated in the eastern and western parts of the country “Oyo, Osun, Ogun, Ondo, Lagos, Rivers, Delta, Ekiti, Enugu, Kogi, Kwara States e.t.c. (Microsoft Encarta, 2006).

Cassava supplies 70% of the daily calorie intake of over 100million Nigerians and it is globally consumed by an estimated 1billion people. It contains 65% moisture, 32-35% starch, 0.7-2.5% protein, 0.2-0.5% fat, 0.8-1.3% ash, toxic cyanides, glucosides, potassium, iron, calcium, Vitamin A, C, B6, folic acid e.t.c (The Nigerian tribune, 2007).

The advantages of cassava over other crops are

-Its adaptation to poor soils in which many crops fail.

-Its ease of propagation by stem cuttings

-Its resistance to drought making it a good reserve crop.

-Its relatively high yield, despite harsh condition

-Cassava can produce more carbohydrate per hectare than any other food staple

-It can be planted at anytime of the year provided there is enough moisture for the stem cuttings to take root.

-Cassava roots can be harvested as needed all year round. They can be left in the ground and harvested from six to forty months from planting (Fetuga et al, 1985).

These make it cultivation, production and processing cost effective with no wastage.

Prior to the demand of cassava in commercial quantities, its cultivation and use were restricted to a section of the society. Apart from Garri, “One of its derivatives”, Fufu was considered an exclusive for the poor.

However, with cassava recently becoming a toast for exporters to countries such as China, more people are being involved in the cultivation of the product and researchers have also discovered various uses outside the conventional Garri and Fufu from the tuber.

Cassava has important application in the food and animal feed industries making it the fourth most important supplier of dietary energy in the tropical and sub tropical regions of the world.

Cassava products of commercial importance are classified into primary and secondary products.

Primary product: -Those directly from cassava leaves, stem, and roots. The products apart Garri and Fufu are flour-for baking chips and pellets-for producing starch, glucose, and starch e.t.c both produced from the roots while the leaves and stems are animal feeds and concentrates.

Secondary product:-Are achieved by further processing of the primary products to give ethanol, monosodium glutamate, glucose, starch, adhesives, noodles e.t.c. (The Nigerian Tribune, 2007)

However, Nigeria being the largest cassava producer, given the economic challenges facing the country as shortage of foreign exchange and high rate of unemployment, following the various benefits derived from the product, the Federal Government through her poverty alleviation and food security programme has advised that investors should consider putting their resources into setting up of factories that will enable them process the tubers into other forms of products thereby encouraging its cultivation in large quantities and in turn increase the Gross National Product (G.D.P) of the country and reduce unemployment (The Integrated Cassava Project, 2006).

Conclusively, like it is being said in the old gold coast of Africa and Nigeria at present in the nearest feature, cassava, if well exploited will be the gold of Africa and oil of Nigeria respectively, playing significant role in the national economy.

2.2BACKGROUND INFORMATION

From Yuca, Moche culture 100AD. Larco Museum collection, the oldest evidence of cassava cultivation and production comes from a 1,400 year old Maya site, Soya de Caren, in El Salvador with its high food potential, it became a staple food in the natives of Northern South America, Southern Mesoamerica and the West Indies by the time of the Spanish conquest leading to its continual cultivation by the colonial Portuguese and Spanish.In 2002, the world production of cassava root was estimated to be 184million tonnes majority in Africa. (

2.3LITERATURE REVIEW

According to (Ben Hao, 2007), a sloppy site is best suited for a Cassava-Processing Factory because it makes efficient use of space and separates parts of the building on different levels and also help to reduce the energy to be expended on conveying the product from one stage to another during processing.

According to (Cock J.H, 2000) the factory should be located in an area close to where the raw material is cultivated or sourced and easily conveyed to the site. The site must be free from environmental pollution and any industrial activity that can pose a serious threat to contaminating the end product.

Processing factories, which effluents such as “Natural gas, acrylonitrile, ammonia, ethylene, propylene, hydrocyanic acid compounds and other such liquids” are a source of danger both from interior and exterior causes, are to be provided with safety walls for the storage tanks in which they are contained. This is to prevent the consequences of such event like spreading of poisonous materials in the atmosphere or in the ground water, spreading of burning materials or radiant heat in the surrounding when calamities in the form of fire, explosion, sabotage and material collapse occur. (Ukhum et al, 2003)

According to (Neufert, 2000), steel structures are appropriate for industrial buildings because modification or additions are easy to carry out in steel; maintenance cost (painting) are higher, in masonry or concrete.

According to ( in planning the layout of the processing factory, adequate drainage and waste disposal system and facilities should be provided. They should be designed and constructed to avoid any risk of contamination.

Also, a cassava processing industry should consist of an AdministrativeBuilding, Laboratory, Canteen and a Production Hall.

According to the (Integrate cassava project journal, 2006), the basic form of cassava flour production is

Sorting Weighing PeelingWashingGratingMachine/Milling Detoxification Dewatering Granulation Drying Milling Sieving Packaging

According to (Neufert 2000) continuous conveyor equipment and wheeled handling equipment allow “easy handling of goods and effective transfer of goods from one production level to another” and “has variable uses which are economically efficient owing to low capital cost” respectively.

3.0MANAGEMENT OF FACTORY WASTE

The major problem associated with factories is the management of the factory waste products.

Keywords: Waste,Chemical waste, Management, Waste management

The definitions I have fixed upon for this report are:

3.1 WASTE

Unwanted material: unwanted or unusable items, remains, or byproducts, or household garbage Microsoft Encarta 2007.

3.2 CHEMICAL WASTE

Used or contaminated water:used or contaminated water from domestic, industrial, or mining applications (Microsoft Encarta 2007.)

3.3 MANAGEMENT

Handling of something successfully: the act of handling or controlling something successfully. ( Microsoft Encarta 2007.)

3.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT

Dealing with waste:activities that deal with waste before and after it is produced, including its minimization, transfer, storage, separation, recovery, recycling, and final disposal. (Microsoft Encarta 2007.)

3.5 CASSAVA FACTORY WASTE

The waste product of cassava processing factory is in two categories. They are solid waste, and liquid waste. The under listed measures are to be used to manage the waste products.

-Provision of a solid waste store with a drying area where it is sun dried for proper storage to prevent odour that can emanate from it if wet especially in cases where collection is delayed.

-Provision of liquid waste sediment pond containing a storage tank made of thermoplastic material wrapped with elastically deformable sealant (cellular material) at the sides and beneath to permit the relative movements that may occur as a result of shrinkage , temperature effect and also variation in the weight of the tank all contained in a supporting wall made of concrete and tensioning wires received in special grease plastic tube incorporated to ensure that the safety wall resist liquid pressure when the storage tank collapse. This is to prevent it from spreading into the surrounding which will cause harmful effects due to its hydrocyanic acid content.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to achieve the Federal Governments goal to reduce unemployment, diversify the economy and increase the Gross National Product (G.N.P) of the country.

This proposal should be adopted as a prototype in other states of the federation and to make it a reality, implementation should be carried out adequately; this is because the failure to do so has always been a stumbling block to development in the country.

REFERENCE:

Ben Hao, (2007). Steps to set up a cassava processing industry, unpublished

The Nigerian Tribune. (2006) Cassava and its potentials:24th June, 2006 (pg 4)

Cock J.H, Cassava.(1985) New potential for a neglected Crop Boulder Colorado West view press.(pg 191)

Hahn, S. K. & Keyser (1987). Cassava a basic food for Africa: Outlook on Agriculture 4 (pgs 95-100).

Fetuga, B. L. and Tewe O. O. 1985, potentials of agroindustrial by-products and crop residues as animal feeds. Nigerian food journal 3 (pgs 136-143)

M. J. T. Norman, C. J. Pearson and P. G. E. Searle (1985). Tropical food crops in their environment (CambridgeUniversity press). (pgs 268-276)

Microsoft Encarta 2007

Nigerian Integrated Cassava Project,( 2007).

Oguntimehim, G. B. Akingbola, J. O. Bolade, M. K. and Abass, A. B. (1994). The effect of processing parameters on Cassava, Biotechnology Network Conference, Bogo, Indonesia(pg 24-26).

Ukhum, M. E. and Nkwocha, F. O. (1989). The hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content of Cassava Food Chemistry (pg 109-113).

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