Study Guide
Carson, chapter 11 – Reconstructing the Union
- Wartime Reconstruction – Port Royal experiment
- Former slaves and production
- Ring shout ritual
- Military officers and evangelicals
- Land sales
- Cotton and contracts
- General Sherman and Special Field Order #15
- “Give us land”
- Forty acres and a mule
- Grapevine telegraph and rising expectations
- Tunis Campbell and St Catherine’s Island
- Government
- Militia
- Production
- Davis Bend, Mississippi
- Market orientation
- Self-governance
- First Freedom
- Leave
- Anger and fear
- Find loved ones
- Change name
- Change manners
- Key institutions of former slaves
- Family
- School
- Church
- Lincoln and Reconstruction
- Lincoln’s vice president
- Lincoln’s plan
- Lincoln on the vote for former slaves
- Lincoln assassinated
- Johnson and Reconstruction (Presidential Reconstruction)
- Thirteenth amendment
- Johnson on the vote for former slaves
- Johnson’s policy toward former confederates
- Presidential pardons
- Field Order #15
- Radical Republicans
- Promote the interests of former slaves
- Punish white southerners
- Thaddeus Stevens
- Land confiscation and redistribution
- Secure civil rights of former slaves
- Southern white response to Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction
- Attain pardons
- Regain property rights
- Regain political rights
- Form state governments
- Pass “black codes”
- They restricted black occupations and labor with employment contracts, corporal punishment, and high occupation fees.
- Worked with Freedman’s Bureau to enforce contracts
- Use Ku Klux Klan to enforce new regime
- Freedman’s Bureau
- Purpose
- Help assist the newly freed slaves in their transition to freedom
- Promote education – including, in partnership with religious organizations, the establishment of black colleges such as Fisk, Hampton, Tougaloo and Avery
- Encourage former slaves to sign labor contracts
- Mediate labor contracts
- Obtain land
- Settle criminal disputes
- Limitations
- Understaffed
- Racism of some Bureau agents
- Congress failed to appropriate adequate funds
- Former slaves response to Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction
- Conventions formed to protest black codes
- Ask government to live up to nation’s ideals
- Show patriotism
- Promote equal justice
- Place deposits in Freedmen's Savings Bank and Trust Company
- Resist contract labor which placed the former slaves under conditions similar to slavery
- Mid-term Congressional elections of 1866
- Radicals move the moderates to the left
- Campaign among northern public
- Context of black codes and former confederates now holding federal office
- Republicans gained two-thirds majorities in both the House and Senate. They could, therefore, override any presidential veto.
- Civil Rights Act of 1866
- Nullifies black codes
- 14th Amendment
- National citizenship
- Due process rights
- Equal protection of law
- Johnson opposed
- The Joint Committee on Reconstruction
- Condition in the South brutal toward former slaves
- State governments dissolved
- Five military districts
- Ratify 14th and 15th Amendments
- Black men and right to vote
- Conventions
- Candidates
- Class divisions
- Southern white resistance and the 15th Amendment
- Prohibited federal and state governments fromlimiting the franchise because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
- Response of women’s movement
- Southern state governments under Republican rule
- Internal improvements
- Education
- Land reform?
- Black local officials and judges
- Albert and Lucy Parsons
- Redemption and white terror
- Ku Klux Klan
- Lynching
- Class make-up of the Klan
- Federal government’s response
- Second Grant administration
- Depression of 1873
- Withdrawal of troop, return of Klan terror
- Sharecropping system
- Terms and conditions
- Debt lien laws and chain gangs
- Tenancy
- Whites and blacks
- Election of 1876
- Three “unredeemed states”
- Electoral commission
- Compromise of 1877
- Final collapse of Reconstruction
- Few lasting benefits for blacks.
- Whites learned that intimidation and violence could reduce black voting.
- Democrats regained control of Southern legislatures.
- South as colony of the Northeast