Callahan Biology Semester 1 RevIEW

  1. History and Nature of Science Define the Following
  1. A law:
  1. A theory:
  1. The process of collecting data by taking pictures, writing down what you see, and even taking measurements of what you see is called an______ When conclusions are drawn by using what you know and what you see, you have developed an______
  1. The ______is a series of steps used to help scientists solve problems. (Identify the P______, H______, E______O______, and C______)

Scientists use peer review to discuss and validate results and check for bias.

  • When a testable statement about the natural world has been created it is called a ______(educated guess)
  • In a controlled experiment there are two test groups. There is an e______

group and a c______group.

  • The control(the normal situation) is used to ______
  • The ______ is what is changed in an experiment.
  • The ______is what responds to what is changed in anexperiment.
  • Data collected in an experiment can come in two forms. The first type of data is called ______data(number) and revolves around exact objective measurements. These measurements use a measurement tool. The second type of data that can be collected is called ______data(description). This type of data is more subjective and less precise and is based on the scientist’s personal observations.
  • Data needs to be viewed for sources of error.
  1. The ______is a measurement system that allows all scientists to use common units,which include but are not limited to meters, liters, and grams. The prefixes of the metric system include but are not limited to kilo,hecto, deka,base,deci,centi, and milli. (Other metric units include Celsius, Pascals, Sieverts and Newtons).
  1. Graphing is a fundamental part of sharing information/data in a visual way. Pie, Chart,

Line, and Bar graphs, are all types of graphic organizers. Each graph is used for a

specific type of data illustration/interpretation and has it’s own format. Components of a

good graph include: ______

  1. Anything that causes an organism to react to their environment is called a ______When the organism actually reacts with its stimulus that reaction is termed a response (effect). This helps maintain ______also known as balance, which can be different from the environment that is surrounding them.
  1. Characteristics of Life is a set of criteria that allow scientists to determine if something should be considered living or not. They include the following set of criteria:

1)5) hasability to respond to stimulus

2)displays organization6) has ability to use energy

3)7) maintains balance (homeostasis)

4)8) has ability to adapt or evolve over time

  1. Life Science (Ecology Emphasis)
  1. ______is the study of the relationships of organisms(biotic) with one another and with theenvironment (abiotic).
  1. The levels of organization for ecology are as follows
  • ______ is the layer around Earth where all living things are located.
  • ______ is a large area of land or water with similar climate, plants, and animals. The following are some examples of biomes: tropical rainforest, desert, grasslands, deciduous forest, and coniferous forest.
  • ______ is a community of living (biotic) organisms interacting with the non-living (abiotic) environment.
  • ______is made of many different populations of organisms interacting with their environment.
  • ______are the total count of one species within a given area at a given time.
  • ______ is classified as a group of organisms that can successfully mate and produce fertile offspring.
  1. Population growth is slowed when an organism runs out of space, food, water, or shelter.

Each ofthese is called a ______.

  1. The area in which an organism lives is called a ______. An example of a habitat is a rabbit living in a meadow next to a forest. The job of an organism within its habitat is called its ______. An example of a niche would be a bird eating seeds on the ground.
  1. All organisms do not get their energy to live the same way. Organisms that make their own food are called ______. Most organisms that make their own food use the process of photosynthesis. Organisms that can’t make their own food and consume others are considered ______.
  2. Once limiting factors slow population growth, the population growth will eventually stop and become balanced. This occurs when the birth rate equals the mortality (death) rate. The population is said to have reached its ______when this balance is reached. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of organisms that can survive in a defined area at the most difficult time of the year.
  1. Energy is transferred in an ecosystem through a ______starting with the sun releasing its energy to plants (producers). Then primary consumers(herbivores) eat the plants taking a small amount of the plants’ energy. Secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores) then eat the primary consumers, gaining a small amount of their energy. When food chains overlap in an ecosystem,______are created.
  1. Populations can change when members of its population leave the area; this is called______. New members can also enter a population, this is called ______.
  1. ______can occur when different species live together in a close association; this includes parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and predator/prey relationships.
  1. ______(also known as matter + energy cycles) allow us to visualize how nutrients are recycled within ourenvironment. (ex. Water Cycle, Carbon Oxygen Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, and the PhosphorousCycle)
  1. Three environmental factors that affect human health that are measure in our environment would include: ______quality, ______quality, ______quality
  1. Life Science (Emphasis Biochemistry)
  1. The smallest particle of matter is the ______.The atom contains protons and neutrons within the nucleus. The atom also has small particles called electrons that orbit the nucleus. Atoms that have the same number of protons and have different number of neutrons are called ______ When matter is made from the same atoms it is called an ______ Common biological elements = C-carbon, O-oxygen, H-hydrogen, N-nitrogen, P-phosphorous, S-sulfur
  1. ______are created when more than one atom bond together. When compounds join together using covalent bonds they are called ______. Chemical bonding occurs when atoms join together. When the atoms share electrons,______ are created. These are one of the strongest types of bonds.When atoms join together by transferring electrons to one another, they become attached due to ______. When atoms lose or gain electrons they are termed ______
  2. A ______is a molecular force that is created when two polar molecules get close to one another, creating a very weak bond.______are slightly positive and negative on opposite sides of the molecule.
  1. A ______ is an extremely large molecule. Macromolecules include proteins, lipids (fats), nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
  • ______are macromolecules that are building blocks for our bodies. They are created on the ribosomes of our cells. They are built by linking amino acids together.
  • A ______ is a macromolecule that is used in our body to store energy and create hormones. Lipids are built using two subunits. They are fatty acids and glycerol.
  • ______ are macromolecules used in our body to create a genetic blueprint to control the cells functions. This material is made by linking nucleotides together. Nucleic acids help create D.N.A. and R.N.A..
  • ______ are macromolecules used to create quick sources of energy for our bodies. A simple sugar called glucose is the building block for this macromolecule. Carbohydrateshave two forms: monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose) and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates built from simple sugars). Polysaccharides are found in animals as glycogen and are found in plants as starch.
  1. ______are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. (examples: polymerase, helicase, ligase, pepsin, and amylase). They do this by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Enzymes are not used or consumed during a reaction but only used to “help along” the reaction. The activation energy is the energy it takes to get a chemical reaction to start. Since enzymes aid in speeding up chemical reactions they are a type of______. Acatalyst is anything that speeds up a reaction. Heat is a catalyst but not an enzyme. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by allowing substrates to attach to them, allowing them to react at a faster rate. When writing out a chemical equation there are two sides to the equation. The left side of the equation is called the reactants or the ingredients for the reaction to take place. The right side of the equation is called the products. This is what is produced from the reactants.
  1. Water is important to life for multiple reasons;
  2. Water exhibits cohesion and adhesion. When similar polar molecules are attracted, it is called ______. When moleculesthat are not similar attract, it is called ______.
  3. Water has a high specific heat (it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature water).
  4. Water is a good solvent; many organic compounds dissolve in water. Solvent is the name given to something doing the dissolving, ______is the name given to something being dissolved.
  5. The______, which stands for the potential of hydrogen ions, is a scale that measures the concentration of hydrogen ions(H+) or hydroxyl ions(OH-) in a solution. The scale goes from 0 to 14. The number seven is neutral, meaning the solution has the same number of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Water is considered to be neutral. The more ______ a solution is, the more hydrogen ions (H+) it has. The more ______ a solution is, the less hydrogen ions(H+) it has.
  1. Life Science (Cell Biology Emphasis)
  1. The ______, which was developed by Rudolph Virchow, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, statesthe following:
  2. all living things are made up of one or more cells
  3. cells are the basic units of life
  4. all cells can only come from other living cells
  1. A ______ is the simplest of all living cells. The prokaryote contains no nucleus within its cell. Its only genetic information is a circular strand of DNA. Bacteria make up all of the prokaryotes. The prokaryotes can be broken up into two kingdoms: the archaea-bacteria and eubacteria. A ______is a more complex cell that has many organelles which include a true nucleus. Eukaryotic cells help create four different kingdoms, the protist, fungi, plant, and animal kingdoms.
  1. Cells contain small organ like structures that carry out many important functionsfor the cell. These small structures are called ______. The following are some of the more important organelles in a eukaryote:
  2. The ______ is the control center of the cell. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that protects the DNA and nucleolus that is with the nucleus. This organelle is found in all eukaryotes.
  3. The ______surrounds all cells. It allows material to be passed in and out of the cell. It is made by a double layer of phospholipids with protein channels extending through bothlayers..
  4. The ______is a clear jelly like fluid that is found within all cells. This liquidcontains all the organelles found within the cell, but also allows material to pass through it.
  5. The ______ is a stiff protective coat found on both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
  6. The cell wall can be made of things like chitin and cellulose. The cell wall is not present in animal cells.
  7. The ______are an organelle that creates energy for both animal and plant cells in the form of ATP. The mitochondria are the site where respiration occurs.
  8. The ______is an organelle that is made of networked canals. This organelle’s main job is to transport proteins to the Golgi Bodies.
  9. Proteins are built on an organelle that is called a ______. Ribosomes can be found inprokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are made primarily out ofribosomal RNA.
  10. ______looks like a bunch of flattened sacs in a cell. The Golgi body’s main job is to package and distribute molecules (proteins) that are created in the cell.
  11. ______are small vesicles that contain powerful enzymes that digest old cell parts and foreign material that makes its way into the cell.
  12. ______are used to store water and waste. In a plant cell it is called the central vacuole and is very large so that it can store a good amount of water. In animal cells they are much smaller, storing mostly waste.
  13. ______are organelles that are found only in plant cells. Their main job is to collect sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. These organelles have their own DNA and are thought to have once been symbiotic bacteria.
  14. ______are found only in protist and animal cells. Their job is to aid in cell reproduction.
  15. ______ is a support structure in the cell.

  1. ______occurs when any particle moves from an area of high concentration to anarea of low concentration. ______is a specialtype of diffusion where water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from a high to low concentration. ______is nothing more than diffusion with the aid of a protein channel.
  • ______ = the solute concentration is higher than that on the other side of a membrane.
  • ______ = the solute concentration is lower than that on the other side of a membrane.
  • ______ = the solute concentration is the same on both sides of a membrane.
  1. ______occurs when material has to pass into or out of a cell from a low to high concentration. This requires energy from the cell. (Examples include the following: endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium/potassium pump, and proton pump). ______ is a type of bulk transport that allows large molecules to enter a cell. ______is another type of bulk transport that allows large molecules to exit a cell.
  1. ______is a process used by plants to create sugar (glucose). This then becomes the plant’s food. This process occurs in the chloroplast of the plants cell. (Sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are used to produce sugar, water, and oxygen).
  1. ______is a process used by both plant and animal cells to produce energy in

the formof adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). This process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. Respiration uses sugar and oxygen to create energy, and release water and carbon dioxide.