By W. P. Nash Et Al., 2014, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Supplemental Materials
Posttraumatic Stress in Deployed Marines: Prospective Trajectories of Early Adaptation
by W. P. Nash et al., 2014, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Table S1
Risk, Resilience, and Mental Health Factors throughout the Deployment Cycle for Comparison Cohort
Overall / Low-Stable Symptoms (1) / Preexisting PTSD Symptoms (2) / GroupDifferences
Predictors / n / M(SD) or Count (%) / n / M(SD) or Count (%) / n / M(SD) or Count (%) / Omnibus Tests / Post Hoc Tests
Pre Deployment
Age / 657 / 23.16(3.48) / 601 / 23.17(3.49) / 56 / 23.08(3.35) / F(1,655) = 0.03
High School or less (%) / 655 / 392(59.85) / 600 / 360(60.00) / 55 / 32(58.18) / χ²(1,655) = 0.07
Caucasian (%) / 623 / 514(82.50) / 573 / 477(83.25) / 50 / 37(74.00) / χ²(1,623) = 2.72
Enlisted (%) / 656 / 634(96.65) / 600 / 579(96.50) / 56 / 55(98.21) / χ²(1,656) = 0.46
Married (%) / 657 / 256(38.97) / 601 / 233(38.77) / 56 / 23(41.07) / χ²(1,657) = 0.11
Prior deployments (%) / 657 / 302(45.97) / 601 / 277(46.09) / 56 / 25(44.64) / χ²(1,657) = 0.04
PTSD diagnosis (%) / 654 / 38(5.81) / 598 / 12(2.00) / 56 / 26(46.43) / χ²(1,654) = 184.63*** / 2>1
Subclinical PTSD (%) / 654 / 53(8.10) / 598 / 33(5.52) / 56 / 20(35.71) / χ²(1,654) = 62.69*** / 2>1
PTSD severity / 658 / 14.62(12.98) / 599 / 11.23(7.28) / 59 / 48.97(7.28) / F(1,656) = 1443.42*** / 2>1
CAPS severity / 653 / 14.46(15.48) / 597 / 11.43(11.21) / 56 / 46.73(17.87) / F(1,651) = 448.85*** / 2>1
PCL severity / 650 / 22.15(8.39) / 595 / 20.04(4.12) / 55 / 44.96(8.92) / F(1,648) = 1408.80*** / 2>1
Depression / 656 / 6.13(7.02) / 600 / 5.29(6.09) / 56 / 15.21(9.59) / F(1,654) = 121.23*** / 2>1
Anxiety / 656 / 7.27(7.85) / 600 / 6.50(6.90) / 56 / 15.57(11.80) / F(1,654) = 76.30*** / 2>1
Functional impairment / 653 / 14.36(3.74) / 598 / 14.08(3.49) / 55 / 17.31(4.90) / F(1,651) = 39.79*** / 2>1
1-Month Post Deployment
PTSD diagnosis (%) / 377 / 15(3.98) / 344 / 8(2.33) / 33 / 7(21.21) / χ²(1,377) = 28.11*** / 2>1
Subclinical PTSD (%) / 377 / 34(9.02) / 344 / 31(9.01) / 33 / 3(9.09) / χ²(1,377) = 0.00
PTSD severity / 658 / 16.30(11.60) / 599 / 14.97(13.56) / 59 / 28.67(13.56) / F(1,656) = 54.83*** / 2>1
PCL severity / 377 / 23.38(9.09) / 344 / 22.60(8.09) / 33 / 31.52(13.97) / F(1,375) = 31.31*** / 2>1
Depression / 377 / 4.79(5.63) / 344 / 4.45(5.39) / 33 / 8.36(6.83) / F(1,375) = 15.08*** / 2>1
Anxiety / 377 / 4.13(5.42) / 344 / 3.80(4.89) / 33 / 7.58(8.65) / F(1,375) = 15.18*** / 2>1
Functional impairment / 377 / 13.47(3.04) / 344 / 13.39(3.00) / 33 / 14.30(3.31) / F(1,375) = 2.76
Combat experiences / 375 / 0.73(0.52) / 342 / 0.74(0.52) / 33 / 0.66(0.44) / F(1,373) = 0.78
5-Months Post Deployment
PTSD diagnosis (%) / 377 / 23(6.10) / 342 / 18(5.26) / 35 / 5(14.29) / χ²(1,377) = 4.51* / 2>1
Subclinical PTSD (%) / 377 / 45(11.94) / 342 / 35(10.23) / 35 / 10(28.57) / χ²(1,377) = 10.16** / 2>1
PTSD severity / 658 / 16.05(11.74) / 599 / 15.15(13.69) / 59 / 26.29(13.69) / F(1,656) = 35.56*** / 2>1
CAPS severity / 377 / 15.84(16.56) / 342 / 14.49(15.78) / 35 / 28.94(18.46) / F(1,375) = 25.75*** / 2>1
PCL severity / 382 / 23.01(9.25) / 346 / 22.32(8.70) / 36 / 29.67(11.66) / F(1,380) = 21.66*** / 2>1
Depression / 381 / 4.94(7.13) / 345 / 4.61(7.02) / 36 / 8.17(7.40) / F(1,379) = 8.28** / 2>1
Anxiety / 381 / 4.64(7.34) / 345 / 4.10(6.75) / 36 / 9.78(10.35) / F(1,379) = 20.49*** / 2>1
Functional impairment / 381 / 13.91(4,12) / 345 / 13.82(4.06) / 36 / 14.83(4.55) / F(1,379) = 2.00
8-Months Post Deployment
PTSD diagnosis (%) / 215 / 11(5.12) / 193 / 7(3.63) / 22 / 4(18.18) / χ²(1,215) = 8.62**
Subclinical PTSD (%) / 215 / 23(10.70) / 193 / 20(10.36) / 22 / 3(13.64) / χ²(1,215) = 0.22
PTSD severity / 658 / 14.91(9.28) / 599 / 13.93(12.85) / 59 / 24.78(12.85) / F(1,656) = 38.29*** / 2>1
CAPS severity / 215 / 14.63(16.12) / 193 / 13.06(14.50) / 22 / 28.36(22.46) / F(1,213) = 19.32*** / 2>1
PCL severity / 215 / 22.21(8.49) / 193 / 21.48(7.61) / 22 / 28.55(12.62) / F(1,213) = 14.51*** / 2>1
Depression / 214 / 4.25(5.79) / 192 / 4.02(5.58) / 22 / 6.27(7.23) / F(1,212) = 3.02
Anxiety / 214 / 4.09(6.36) / 192 / 3.85(6.19) / 22 / 6.14(7.51) / F(1,212) = 2.56
Functional impairment / 214 / 13.98(3.70) / 192 / 13.78(3.33) / 22 / 15.73(5.90) / F(1,212) = 5.60* / 2>1
Note. CAPS Severity was not measured at 1-month post deployment and is thus not included in this table.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p<.001. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; CAPS = clinician-administered PTSD scale; PCL = PTSD checklist.
Table S2
Responder and Nonresponder Comparisons on Variables Reported at T0 for Comparison Cohort
Valid at T1 / Valid at T2 / Valid at T3 / Comparisons with respondersT0 Variable / n / M(SD) or Count (%) / n / M(SD) or Count (%) / n / M(SD) or Count (%) / T0 nonresponders / T1 nonresponders / T2 nonresponders / T3 nonresponders
Age / 376 / 23.24(3.46) / 381 / 23.17(3.63) / 214 / 23.14(3.70) / t(655) = 0.33 / t(655) = 0.67 / t(655) = 0.07 / t(388) = -0.14
High school or less (%)a / 374 / 233(62.30) / 380 / 211(55.53) / 213 / 114(53.52) / Χ2(1,655) = 0.88 / Χ2(1,655) = 2.18 / Χ2(1,655) = 7.03** / Χ2(1,655) = 5.26*
Caucasian (%) / 356 / 295(82.87) / 359 / 290(80.78) / 202 / 164(81.19) / Χ2(1,623) = 0.64 / Χ2(1,623) = 0.08 / Χ2(1,623) = 1.75 / Χ2(1,623) = 0.36
Enlisted (%)a / 375 / 359(95.73) / 380 / 369(97.11) / 213 / 201(94.37) / Χ2(1,656) = 0.11 / Χ2(1,656) = 2.25 / Χ2(1,656) = 0.59 / Χ2(1,656) = 5.06*
Married (%) / 376 / 140(37.23) / 381 / 139(36.48) / 214 / 78(36.45) / Χ2(1,657) = 1.92 / Χ2(1,657) = 1.11 / Χ2(1,657) = 2.35 / Χ2(1,657) = 0.85
Prior deployments (%)a / 376 / 177(47.07) / 381 / 151(39.63) / 214 / 55(25.70) / Χ2(1,657) = 0.19 / Χ2(1,657) = 0.43 / Χ2(1,657) = 14.65*** / Χ2(1,657) = 52.48***
Childhood trauma / 374 / 1.53(0.46) / 379 / 1.56(0.50) / 213 / 1.59(0.53) / t(651) = -0.83 / t(528) = -1.00 / t(651) = 0.73 / t(651) = 1.46
Prior lifetime trauma / 371 / 4.74(2.97) / 374 / 4.63(2.72) / 212 / 4.62(2.77) / t(646) = -0.09 / t(646) = 0.13 / t(537) = -0.95 / t(646) = -0.65
PTSD diagnosis (%) / 374 / 22(5.88) / 379 / 22(5.80) / 214 / 11(5.14) / -- / Χ2(1,654) = 0.01 / Χ2(1,654) < 0.00 / Χ2(1,654) = 0.26
Subclinical PTSD (%) / 374 / 31(8.29) / 379 / 30(7.92) / 214 / 20(9.35) / -- / Χ2(1,654) = 0.04 / Χ2(1,654) = 0.04 / Χ2(1,654) = 0.66
CAPS severity / 374 / 15.03(16.01) / 379 / 15.19(16.01) / 214 / 15.68(15.92) / -- / t(651) = 1.08 / t(651) = 1.42 / t(651) = 1.41
PCL severity / 373 / 22.21(8.56) / 377 / 22.52(8.90) / 211 / 22.67(9.24) / -- / t(648) = 0.20 / t(648) = 1.32 / t(648) = 1.09
Depressionb / 375 / 6.35(7.17) / 381 / 6.74(7.31) / 214 / 7.31(7.79) / t(654) = -0.98 / t(654) = 0.89 / t(654) = 2.61** / t(654) = 3.01**
Anxietyb / 375 / 7.04(7.67) / 381 / 7.87(8.01) / 214 / 9.05(9.02) / t(654) = -0.40 / t(654) = -0.86 / t(654) = 2.29* / t(344) = 3.75***
Functional impairment / 375 / 14.28(3.60) / 379 / 14.55(3.88) / 213 / 14.43(3.49) / t(651) = -1.51 / t(651) = -0.56 / t(651) = 1.55 / t(651) = 0.36
Note. Nonresponders had no valid PTSD measure (CAPS or PCL) at a given time-point. Values for the Valid at T0 sample can be found in Table 2. Anxiety score was measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988). Depression score was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI) (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Functional capacities measured with World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale-II (WHODAS) (Smith & Epping-Jordan, 2000).
aThe nonresponder group had the higher mean or proportion when a significant difference occurred. bThe responder group had the higher mean or proportion when a significant difference occurred.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; CAPS = clinician-administered PTSD scale; PCL = PTSD checklist.
Table S3
Reliabilities Per Time Point for Comparison Cohort
T0(α) / T1
(α) / T2
(α) / T3
(α)
Anxiety / 0.89 / 0.85 / 0.92 / 0.90
Depression / 0.90 / 0.87 / 0.93 / 0.90
Functional Impairment / 0.81 / 0.82 / 0.89 / 0.84
Anxiety score was measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988). Depression score was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI) (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Functional capacities measured with World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale-II (WHODAS) (Smith & Epping-Jordan, 2000).
Table S4
Fit Statistics for Class Solutions for Comparison Cohort
Class / BIC / SSA-BIC / Entropy / LMR-LRT / BLRT / Lowest PosteriorProbability / Smallest Class
Proportion
1 / ac / 20513.71 / 20472.43
2 / bcd / 20126.44 / 20069.29 / 0.97 / 0.025 / 0 / 0.97 / 0.09
3 / bcd / 19947.82 / 19877.97 / 0.96 / 0.030 / 0 / 0.93 / 0.03
4 / ac / 19942.87 / 19863.49 / 0.92 / 0.039 / 0 / 0.88 / 0.01
5 / Non-Convergence
6 / bcd / 19676.51 / 19568.56 / 0.94 / 0.215 / 0 / 0.92 / 0.01
Variances set to 0: aslope; bPTSD at T0; cPTSD at T3; dPCL at all time points.
Note: BIC = Bayesian information criterion; SSA-BIC = sample size adjusted BIC; LMR-LRT = Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test; BLRT = bootstrapped likelihood ratio test.