BY 124 11/17/15 Chapter 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion
The major nitrogenous waste for fishes or aquatic animals is ______because of the influx of water. Mammals use ______. Reptiles and birds use ______, which is the hardest to make and the most potent.
4 steps of the excretory system?
In simple invertebrates, like insects, both the feces and urine exit together, and the ______is where reabsorption takes place in insects.
There are ______sphincters that line the urethra: one is voluntary and one is not. What type of macromolecule holds your kidneys in place?
The structural or functional unit of the kidney is the ______. The ______holds a “ball of capillaries” called the ______. The first convoluted tubule is ______, since it’s closest to the entrance of the nephron. Then the ______dips down into the renal ______and comes back up and becomes another convoluted tubule, which is ______. This tubule leads to the ______.
T/F The efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole.
Blood collects in the glomerulus and is ______into the tubule where the blood is now called filtrate. The efferent arteriole coming from the glomerulus turns into ______capillaries, which are closely associated with the tubules and then into ______capillaries, which are closely associated with the loop of Henle. One could find many membrane proteins on the descending portion of the Loop of Henle cells, but mainly consistent of ______since this is where water reabsorption takes place.
Fill out this diagram listing steps and missing molecules. Purple arrows mean passive transport, and red arrows mean active transport.
The normal osmolarity of the blood is 300 mOsm/L. The mammalian kidney is able to change its osmolarity by increasing/decreasing osmolarity as you move towards the center of the kidney. For instance, the renal cortex is 300, the outer medulla is 400-600, and the inner medulla is 900-1200. Why?
Discuss this diagram (fill it out). What are the steps?
Specifically, how does ADH work at the cellular level?
steps?
What is atrial natriuretic peptide?
ADH, RAAS, and ANP provide an elaborate system of checks and balances.
Chapter 46
T/F All animals need gonads to make reproductive cells.
Insects, such as fruit flies, have ______, which are sacs on females that can hold sperm for long periods of time. Males won’t have it.