Building a Science of Individual Differences from Fmri

Supplemental Information

Building a Science of Individual Differences from fMRI

Julien Dubois* and Ralph Adolphs

Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States

* Correspondence: (J. Dubois)

Contents

-Simulations for Figure 5

-Table S1: Reliability and individual-differences studies from fMRI-derived measures.

-Table S2: Individual-differences studies from fMRI-derived measures.

-Supplemental references

Simulations for Figure 5.

A large sample of 1,000,000 instances (the “population”) was drawn from two normally distributed variables, X and Y, using Matlab’s mvnrnd function with μX = μY = 0, σX=σY=1 and σXY=0.1. In this “population”, the correlation between X and Y is 0.1 -- a small effect size, representative of the effect size expected in fMRI studies of individual differences. 100,000 series of 1,000 samples were drawn randomly without replacement from the population. Pearson correlation was computed for sample sizes [10:5:100 120:20:200 250:50:500 600:100:1000] in each of the 100,000 series, yielding 100,000 trajectories of correlation values (gray lines in Figure 5(a) are 1,000 of these trajectories). A leave-one-out prediction based on a simple linear regression model was also performed at each sample size for each of the series, yielding 100,000 trajectories of prediction R-squared [R2=1-sum((Yreal-Ypred).^2)/sum((Yreal-mean(Yreal)).^2)] (gray lines in Figure 5(b) are 1,000 of these trajectories). The exact same simulation was run with μX = μY = 0, σX=σY=1 and σXY=0, which represents the null hypothesis of no correlation between X and Y. All plots in Figure 5 are derived from these simulations.

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Table S1 (related to Figure 1): Reliability and individual-differences studies from fMRI-derived measures.

There are many ways to analyze fMRI data, which is captured in this list of fMRI-derived measures. This table is included to elicit a sense of which measures have been studied in terms of reliability and assessed for individual differences in the literature so far, and which have not. Reliability column: studies are from a Pubmed search with terms “test-retest” AND “fMRI” since 2010-01-01 (273 results, which were then hand selected), plus studies reviewed in [1]. Individual differences column: studies are from a Pubmed search with terms “individual differences” AND “fMRI”, hand selecting the 100 most recent relevant studies. The Pubmed searches were conducted in November 2015. If a cell of the table was empty, we specifically searched for at least one relevant reference, and put a question mark if we did not find any. The purpose of this table is primarily illustrative, and it may be that we missed existing references given the fairly simple search strategy that we implemented.

fMRI-derived measure / Time- locked / Reliability
(between- and within-subject) / Individual differences
AMPLITUDE of evoked activation (height) / Yes / [2–33] / [30,34–95]
EXTENT of evoked activation
(voxel overlap) / Yes / [6,7,13,18,21,27,28,96–104] / [105]
PEAK LOCATION of evoked activation / Yes / [21] / ?
ONSET of evoked activation / Yes / [106] / ?
LAG of evoked activation
(time-to-peak) / Yes / [106] / ?
DURATION of evoked activation (width) / Yes / [106] / ?
HABITUATION/ADAPTATION / Yes / [107] / ?
model-based regressor / Yes / [108] / [109,110]
ACCURACY of classification / Yes / ? / ?
PPI (Psychophysiological interactions) / Yes / [111] / [66,82,112–116]
DCM (dynamic causal modelling) / Yes / [117] / ?
Representational geometry / Yes / [118] / [118,119]
Inter-subject correlation / Yes / ? / [120]
ROI-to-ROI correlation / No / [101,111,121–139] / [43,55,57,140–159]
whole-brain FC / No / [137,160–162] / [163]
functional parcellation / No / [164–166] / [166,167]
ICA decomposition / No / [104,126,128,137,168–172] / [173,174]
network structure (graph edges) / No / [130,175] / [162,176]
graph-theoretical metrics / No / [128,131,132,137,175,177–186] / [82,187–190]
dynamic connectivity / No / [191,192] / [153,192,193]
ALFF (amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, a.k.a. LFO) / No / [128,129,131,132,136,194–198] / [154,189,199,200]
ReHo (regional homogeneity) / No / [128,129,131,132,136,201] / [189,202,203]

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Table S2 (related to Figure 1): Individual-differences studies from fMRI-derived measures.

Studies from Table S1, individual differences column, were sorted by hand as relating fMRI-derived measures to different aspects of individual differences

Demographics / age [91,204,205]
gender [176]
Neuropsychological test scores / intelligence [89,188]
personality [35,86,113]
anxiety [53,62,74,144,156]
depression [44,53,115]
affect [30,41,50,85]
creativity [158]
other [42,46–48,51,58,70–72,75,76,79,90,94,149,153,189,206]
Physiological measures / [66,84,90]
Behavioral task measures / task performance or strategy [34,37–39,43,45,49,52,54,56,57,59,60,63,68,73,77,80,81,83,87,88,90,91,105,114,116,119,145–147,150–152,154,155,157,159,192,200,203,207–212]
reaction time [36,69,82]
subjective ratings [38,40,55,61,67,112,118,148]
Neuropsychiatric disorder / disorder onset [78]
future outcome [64,65,92]

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Supplemental references

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