Books and Articles

Bibliography

Books and Articles

ABC News.com, "Tragedy in Kosovo: Testimony of Struggle, Suffocation," 12 April 2000 (available at

AFP, "Under-age girls in brothels used by KFOR soldiers: TV report," 17 December 2000, (available at

African Rights, Somalia Human Rights Abuses by the United Nations Forces, July 1993, quoted in Goldman, 1996.

Amnesty International, "Italy: a Briefing for the UN Committee against Torture," EUR 30/02/99, May 1999.

Associated Press, "Two Peacekeepers detained regarding sex crime charges," 7 January 1996.

AP Online, "Peacekeepers Arrest Bosnian Serb," 2 August 1999,

Boustany, Nora. Diplomatic Dispatches. "Building Barriers to Trafficking in Women," in Washington Post. Washington, DC; Mar 16, 2001; p. A16.

CNN, "Photos reveal Belgian paratroopers’ abuse in Somalia," 7 April, 1997.

CNN, "NATO peacekeepers kill Serb war crimes suspect," 9 January 1999 (available at [CNN 1999a].

CNN, "German troops find more evidence of atrocities in Kosovo," 1 July 1999 (available at [CNN 1999b].

CNN, "NATO-led troops arrest alleged Bosnian Serb war criminal," 5 March 2000 (available at [CNN, 2000a]

CNN, "Peacekeepers should Pack more Punch, Annan Says," 1 June 2000. [CNN, 2000b]

Crossette, Barbara, "When Peacekeepers turn into Troublemakers," New York Times, 7 January 1996.

Crossette, Barbara, "Global Rules now apply to Peacekeepers, UN Chief Declares," in New York Times, 12 August 1999.

Economist, "Good Intentions turned to shame," 5 July 1997, pp. 48-49.
Enloe, Cynthia, The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War.

Florida Today, "US Peacekeeper Raped," 6 March 1996.

Gall, Corlotta. "MacedoniaVillage is Center of Europe Web in sex Trade," in New York Times. New York, NY; Jul 28, 2001; p. A1.

Goldman, Patricia, "Abuse of Power: the Law and Violations by United Nations Peacekeeping Forces," LLM Dissertation, University of Essex, Faculty of Law, 1996.

Hughes, Donna M. "The Natasha trade: The transnational shadow market of trafficking in wome," in Journal of International Affairs. New York; Spring 2000, vol.53, no.2; pp. 625-651.

IPS, "UN Outraged by Peacekeeping Atrocities," 26 June 1997.

Kelly, Rita Mae. "Gender, Globalization, and Democratization," Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001; p. 270.

Kvinna till Kvinna, Getting it Right: A Gender approach to UNMIK Administration in Kosovo, 2001.

Lancaster, John, "Perpetrators Often were Higher-ranking Soldiers, Army Says." in Washington Post, 21 July 1992, p. a1.

Loff, Bebe, Beth Gaze, and Christopher Fairley. "Prostitution, public health, and human rights law," in The Lancet. London; Nov 18, 2000; vol. 356, no. 9243; p. 1764.

Lupi, Natalia, "Report by the Enquiry Commission on the Behaviour of Italian Peace-keeping Troops in Somalia," in Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 1, p. 375, 1998.
Mahler, Karen. "Global Concern for Children's Rights: the World of Congress Against Sexual Exploitation," US; June, 1997; vol. 23, no. 2; pp. 79-84.

Marks, Alexandra. " Activists unleash campaign to shut down sex tours; Human-rights groups demand tougher laws to drive out tour operators who offer romantic holidays overseas." Christian Science Monitor. Boston; Jan 15, 1999; p.2.

"More Trafficking in Teenagers to Feed Sex Industry in Europe," in New York Times. New York, NY; Jun 13, 2001; p. A3.

NATO Handbook, May 2001, found on NATO website at

Reuters, "New talks on East Timor campaign to free rape victim," 5 April 2001. [Reuters, 2001a]

Reuters, "UN Peacekeepers in Timor face possible sex charges," reported in PPC Pecekeeping News, 3 August 2001, vol. 18, no. 2. [Reuters, 2001b]

Reuters/MSNBC.com, "UN Mission to Investigate Misconduct Allegations", 5 September 2001, reported in UN Wire, 6 September, 2001. [Reuters, 2001c]

Shenon, Philip. "Feminist Coalition Protests US Stance on Sex Trafficking Treaty," in New York Times. New York; Jan 13, 2000; p. A5.

Whitworth, Sandra, "Gender, Race and the Politics of Peacekeeping" in Edward Moxon-Browne, (ed.), A Future for Peacekeeping?, (UK: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 176-191.

UN Newswire, "Sex Worker Issues Unsurprising, Former UN Official Says," 6 September 2001.

Village Voice, "Peacekeeping Atrocities: UN Soldiers accused of torture, murder and sexual exploitation of children,", 24 June 1991
International Instruments

Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, (1946) UNTS 16.

Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, UN Doc. A/RES/49/59, 9 December 1994.

General Framework Agreement between the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Republika Srpska, signed inParis, France, 21 November 1995, found at

"Model Status-of-forces agreement for peace-keeping operations: Report of the Secretary-General," UN Doc. A/45/594, 9 October 1990.

"Model agreement between the United Nations and MemberStates contributing personnel and equipment to United Nations peace-keeping operations: Report of the Secretary-General," UN Doc. A/46/185, 23 May 1991.

"North Atlantic Treaty Status of Forces Agreement," 19 June 1951, (1953) Canada Treaty Series, no. 13 .

UN, "Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus concerning the Status of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus." (1964) UNTS 58.

UN, "Draft Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone," 1 February 2001.

UN, "Letter dated 12 January 2001 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council," 12 January 2001, UN Doc. S/2001/40.

UN, "Letter dated 31 January 2001 from the President of the Security Council to the Secretary-General," 31 January 2001, UN Doc. S/2001/95.

UN, "Implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations: Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/55/977, 1 June 2001.

UN, "Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict," UN Doc. S/2001/331, 30 March 2001.

UN, "Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations", UN Doc. A/55/305, 21 August 2000. [Brahimi report]

UN, "Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict," UN Doc. S/1999/957, 8 September 1999. [SG Report, 1999a]

UN, "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo," UN Doc. S/1999/779, 12 July 1999. [SG Report, 1999b]

UN, "Trafficking in Women and Girls: Report of the Secretary-General," UN Doc. A/53/409, 21 September 1998, para. 31.

UN, "Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Children: Impact of armed conflict on children. Note by the Secretary-General" UN Doc. A/51/306, 26 august 1996.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 794, UN Doc. S/RES/794, 3 December 1992.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 814, UN Doc. S/RES/814, 26 March 1993.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 837, UN Doc. S/RES/837, 6 June 1993.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 868, UN Doc. S/RES/868, 29 September 1993.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, UN Doc. S/RES/1325, 31 October 2001.

Resolutions on Sex Trafficking and Contemporary Slavery
E/RES/1989/74
E/CN.4/RES/1990/63
E/RES/1991/34
A/RES/46/122
E/RES/1992/10
E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.2/1993/9 (Letter from Special Rapporteur)
E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.2/1993/10 (Implementation of Conventions)
A/C.3/49/L.71/Rev.1 (Trafficking in Women and Girls)
E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/17/L.29 (Draft resolution)
E/CN.4/2001/L.60 (Elimination of violence against women)