Body OrganizationsFlashcards

  1. What are the two main regions of the body?
/
  1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)
  2. Appendicular Region (limbs)

  1. What three structures are in the Axial Region?
/
  1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)
a) Head
b) Neck
c) Trunk (has 3 parts)
  1. What are the three parts of the Trunk (Axial Region)? What organs does each part contain?
/ 1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs.
2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs
3) Pelvis (covered by the G-String) Contains urinary and reproductive organs
  1. What makes up the Upper Limbs of the Appendicular Region?
/ Appendicular Region - limbs
a) Upper Limbs
1)Axilla (armpit)
2) Arm (shoulder to elbow)
3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm!
4) Wrist
5) Hand: 4 fingers with 3 phalanges each; thumb with 2 phalanges
  1. What is the term for the thumb?
/ Pollex
  1. What is the term for the arm?
/ Brachium
  1. What is the term for the area where blood is drawn? In what body region is it found?
/ Antecubital fossa; it is in the brachium
  1. What makes up the Lower Limbs of the Appendicular Region?
/ Lower Limbs
1) Thigh
(hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg!
2) Leg (knee to ankle)
3) Ankle
4) Foot: 5digits; big toeis the hallux
  1. What is the term for the big toe?
/ Hallux
  1. What is the term for the area behind the knee?
/ Popliteal fossa
  1. What bone contains the area behind the knee?
/ The back of the femur

12.What describes ANATOMICAL POSITION?

/

ANATOMICAL POSITION:

  • The person is standing up straight
  • The palms face anteriorly
  • The knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent)
  • The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly

13.If a person starts in anatomical position and then pronates their hands 90 degrees, which way do the palms face?

/

They face each other

14.If a person starts in anatomical position and then pronates their hands 180 degrees, which way do the palms face?

/

Posteriorly

  1. What is Superior?
/ Superior: towards the top of the head
“The head is superior to the abdomen”
  1. What is Inferior?
/ Inferior: towards the bottom of the feet
“The pelvis is inferior to the neck”
  1. What is Anterior?
/ Anterior (ventral): towards the front of the body
“The breastbone is anterior to the spine”
“The nose is anterior to the eyes.”
  1. What is Posterior?
/ Posterior (dorsal): towards the back of the body
“The spine is posterior to the heart.”
  1. What is Medial?
/ Medial(not middle!): towards the midline.
“The heart is medial to the lungs.”
  1. What is Lateral?
/ Lateral: towards the sides, away from the midline of the body.
“The Lungs are lateral to the heart.”
“The arms are lateral to the chest”
  1. What is Proximal?
/ Proximal: Close to the point of origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (in most cases, closer to the heart).
“The elbow is proximal to the wrist.”
Don’t confuse with superior
  1. What is Distal?
/ Distal: away from the point of origin (in most cases, away from the heart).
“The fingers are distal to the wrist.”
“The knee is distal to the thigh”
NOTE: Do not get inferior mixed up with distal. Inferior means towards the feet, and distal means farther from the heart.
  1. What is Superficial?
/ Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
“The skin is superficial to the muscles.”
  1. What is Deep?
/ Deep (internal): Away from the body surface; more internal. Do NOT use the term “interior”.
“Bones are deep to the muscles.”
“The lungs are deep to the skin”
  1. What is Intermediate?
/ Intermediate: Between a more medial and a more lateral structure “The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder”
  1. What is the Frontal (coronal) Plane?
/ Frontal (coronal) Plane: Divides body or organ into anterior/posterior.
  1. What is the Sagittal Plane?
/ Sagittal Plane: Divides body or organ into left and right.
a) Midsagittal (median) plane: down the midline, dividing EQUALLY right and left.b) Parasagittal plane: divides into UNEQUALright and left parts.
  1. What is the Transverse Plane?
/ Transverse Plane (Cross sec): Divides body or organ into superior/inferior parts
  1. What are the 3 Body Cavities?
/ Body Cavities
  1. Thoracic cavity (contains lungs and heart)
  2. Abdominal cavity (contains digestive organs)
  3. Pelvic cavity (contains reproductive organs)

  1. What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
/ The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm.
  1. What are the 2 Body Membranes and the space that separates them?
/ Body Membranes
  1. Parietal serosa (lines the body wall)
  2. Visceral serosa (lines the organ such as heart or lungs)
  3. Serous cavity (space between the parietal and visceral serosa; contains fluid)

  1. What is Flexion/Extension?
/ Flexion (reduces angle of joint)
Extension (increases angle of the joint; returns part to anatomical position). Hyperextension goes even farther than anatomical position.
  1. What are Abduction/Adduction/Rotation/Circumduction?
/ Abduction (takes body part away from midline in the frontal plane)
Adduction (returns body part to midline in the frontal plane)
Rotation (to pivot on the axis of a bone, such as shaking head “no”)
Circumduction: (Using the body part to draw a circle in the air)
  1. What is internal and external rotation?
/ Internal rotation: to move a limb towards the midline of the body in the transverse plane
External rotation: to move a limb away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane
  1. What is Inversion/Eversion?
/ Inversion (turns foot toward midline in the frontal plane)
Eversion (turns foot away from midline in the frontal plane)
  1. What is Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion?
/ Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise toes up in the air (sagittal plane)
Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes downward (sagittal plane)
  1. What is Protraction/Retraction?
/ Protraction: sticks body part out anteriorly(jutting out the jaw)
Retraction: opposite movement to protraction (pulls body part posteriorly, such as the scapula)
  1. What is Elevation/Depression?
/ Elevation: lifting a body part superiorly (raising shoulders upward)
Depression: moving the elevated part inferiorly (pulls body part inferiorly)
  1. What is Opposition?
/ Opposition (brings thumb to touch tips of fingers)
  1. What is Pronation and Supination?
/ Pronation: In the ankle, pronation is turning the sole of foot away from midline; tri-plane movement of eversion, abduction, and plantarflexion. In the wrists, pronation is turning the palms from anterior to posterior.
Supination: In the ankle, supination is turning the sole of the foot toward midline; tri-plane movement of inversion, adduction, and dorsiflexion. In the wrists, supination is turning the palms from posterior to anterior.
  1. What is prone, and how does it differ from pronation?
/ Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down. Pronation is a movement.
  1. What is supine, and how does it differ from supination?
/ Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying on the back. Supination is a movement.
  1. What is the difference between Adduction/Abduction and Flexion/Extension at the shoulders and hips?
/ Adduction/Abduction: moving your arms/thighs away from the body laterally, in the frontal plane.
Flexion/Extension: moving your arms/thighs away from the body in front of you, in the sagittal plane.