BJU Science 5 Notes Chapter 1

  1. Layers of the Earth
  2. Geologists: study ______parts of the ______.
  3. Geo= earth; logy= study of
  4. Core: ______of the earth.
  5. Scientists believe that the core is a ______, ______sphere that is very hot and made of ______.
  6. Scientists also believe that there is a ______core.
  7. Mantle: ______layer of the earth. It is made up of ______.
  8. Magma that pushes up through the ______of the earth’s surface is known as ______.
  9. Crust: ______, ______layer of the earth. It is only 7 to 45 km thick. The earth’s crust is thinnest at the oceans.
  10. Surface of the Earth
  11. Soil: ______material on the ______of the ______.
  12. Weathering: the ______of the earth. It produces ______.
  13. Sediment: little pieces of ______rock.
  14. Erosion: the movement of ______either by ______or water.
  15. Erosion can be harmful by causing fertile land to wash or blow away.
  16. Minerals of the Earth
  17. Minerals are inorganic substances found ______in the ______.
  18. Inorganic: substances that are ______from ______that have ______been ______.
  19. Characteristics of Minerals
  20. Crystal structure: the orderly ______of the particles that make up a mineral.
  21. Crystals are formed by substances inside of the ______combining from ______and ______.
  22. The appearances of most crystals are ______and ______corners or edges.
  23. Crystals are different ______and ______because of the ______of ______they are made from and the ______of ______it took for them to ______.
  24. The smaller tightly packed minerals formed crystals that hardened ______.
  25. Larger crystals are formed whenminerals ______and have ______to “______.”
  26. color and streak
  27. Color: the color that you ______. Minerals get their color from ______in it.
  28. Streak: the color of the ______made by rubbing the ______. Sample on a harder surface.
  29. This is used to tell the difference between similar looking minerals.
  30. luster: the way that a mineral ______light,
  31. dull luster: doesn’t ______much
  32. Metallic luster: looks ______like a piece of ______.
  33. Pearly: looks ______to the inside of ______.
  34. Brilliant: light and ______appear to ______on the ______and inside of the sample.
  35. Hardness: the minerals ability to resist ______.
  36. . cleavage and fracture:
  37. Cleavage is the breaking of a mineral along smooth, ______or into ______sheets.
  38. Fracture: is a ______in minerals that aren’t ______. ______lines or flat sheets.
  39. Uses of Minerals
  40. gemstone: a ______that can be ______and ______
  41. Gem: a ______and ______gemstones.
  42. Precious stone: a beautiful and ______gemstone
  43. Examples: diamonds, rubies, sapphires and emeralds.
  44. Rubies are the most rare gemstone.
  45. Semi-precious stones: gemstones that are more ______and not as ______.
  46. Examples are : amethyst, garnet, opal, jade and turquoise.
  47. Synthetic:______. Examples are: cubic zirconium: a synthetic stone resembling a diamond.
  48. Metals: some minerals are also metals. They are found in ______.
  49. Smelting: the process that ______and ______the ore to separate the ______from other material in the rock.
  50. Properties of metal tat are useful to man are: strong,______to shape or ______, most conduct ______.
  51. Many metals are combined to increase their strength or to change other properties of the metal. This is called an alloy, An example of this is ______.
  1. other minerals that are used often are: fluorite, which is found in ______and ______, mica which can be added to ______or is used as an ______for ______, and in ______. Quartz is used in TV’s and ______.
  1. Finding Minerals
  2. Most minerals are buried in theearth’s crust and are removed by mining.
  3. Vein: a ______of a ______of minerals within the earth,
  4. Pipe: a ______that is located within a ______of a volcano.
  5. Lapidary: people who carefully ______and ______gemstones.
  1. Rocks
  2. Rocks are hard, ______substances made by one or more ______and sometimes ______substances.
  3. Most rocks are found in the top of the earth’s crust.
  4. Geologists classify rocks based upon how they are formed:
  5. Igneous: rock formed from ______or ______.
  6. granite: common igneous rock that is used in ______and ______/
  7. pumice: igneous rock that forms from the ______that flows in the ______of the earth,
  8. Pumice is different any other igneous rock, it floats!
  9. Sedimentary: rock that forms when______of ______and organic matter harden.
  10. it is usually moved by ______or ______
  11. Examples are conglomerates, ______, sandstone and ______.
  12. Conglomerate rock: sedimentary rock that looks like ______are ______to it.
  13. organic material mixing with sediment can form the following types of rock:
  14. Limestone, chalk and coal.
  15. Limestone and chalk both contain the mineral: ______
  16. Calcite is a mineral that can be found organically in ______or ______.
  17. Metamorphic: rock that has been______with the use of extreme ______and ______deep beneath the earth’s ______.
  18. Foliated: rock that is easily ______into ______sheets.
  19. Non-foliated: rock that ______break into ______because the crystals are too ______.
  20. Examples of metamorphic rock are:
  21. Slate: was once ______. Slate is used to create______
  22. Marble: was once ______. Marble is used in sculptures and building materials

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