.Name______

Biology SOL Review Packet

Scientific Method

  1. ______Observations are made using the ___.
  2. ______When making a hypothesis, if you want to research data the

best place to find current findings on the newest technologies is a __.

  1. ______very useful when interpreting and analyzing data
  2. ______An educated guess/prediction that can be tested (usuall “If.,Then” form)
  3. ______the factors that are measure in an experiment
  4. ______the variable that you purposely change in the experiment
  5. ______the variable that changes as a result of the change you made in #6.
  6. ______the baseline measurement that you compare your data to
  7. ______the things that are purposely kept the same in the experiment
  8. ______a structured way to test a hypothesis

Scientific Tools

  1. ______used for measuring mass
  2. ______used for examining extremely small specimens
  3. ______used to discover cells & what we used in class
  4. ______used for measuring precise volumes of liquids
  5. ______less accurate tool for measuring volume
  6. ______used to make BIG changes in focus
  7. ______adjusts the amount of light
  8. ______changes the magnification
  9. ______holds down the slide
  10. ______what you look through
  11. Draw a picture demonstrating how to properly put on a cover-slip when making a wet-mount slide and write a short explanation about why you do those steps.

Characteristics of Living Things

  1. ______smallest unit of all life
  2. ______get and use energy in order to carry out life functions
  3. ______organisms rely on each other to survive
  4. ______either sexually or asexually
  5. ______maintain a constant internal environment: “balance” (ex. Body temp.)
  6. ______pass on traits to offspring
  7. ______populations of organisms change over time

Biological terms in order from smallest to largest

  1. ______the smallest unit of life
  2. ______a group of cells that carry out a similar function
  3. ______a group of tissues that carry out a specialized function in the body
  4. ______a group of organs that work together to perform body functions
  5. ______a single living thing
  6. ______a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area
  7. ______group of organisms that look similar & can produce fertile offspring
  8. ______group of different species in the same habitat that interact w/each other
  9. ______a community of organismsand their nonliving environment
  10. ______all of the world and its atmosphere that supports life

Life at the Molecular Level

  1. ______Water is inorganic because it does NOT contain this element
  2. ______a molecule that has an unevenly distributed charge (+ and – ends)
  3. ______attraction between the + and – ends of a water molecule
  4. ______movement of water up thin tubes (like water moving up a tree)
  5. ______means water molecules ‘stick’ to each other
  6. ______means water molecules ‘stick’ to other substances
  7. ______property that helps bugs stand on water
  8. ______Water expands when it freezes, which makes ice __.
  9. ______means it takes a lot of energy to raise or lower its temperature
  10. ______#9 is important to help organisms maintain __.
  11. ______because water is polar, it dissolves things & is called the ‘universal __.’
  12. ______cells and your entire body are made mostly of this
  13. ______have a pH range of 0-6
  14. ______have a pH range of 8-14
  15. ______a pH of 7

Water Cycle

  1. ______water falling to the ground
  2. ______formed by water that percolates through the soil
  3. ______water that does not soak into the ground
  4. ______water released into the air as water vapor from plant leaves
  5. ______water heated and changed from a liquid to a gas
  6. ______cooling of water, which forms clouds and changes a gas to liquid

The Carbon Dioxide/Oxygen Cycle

  1. ______organisms that make their own food
  2. ______organelle used by most organisms in #1 to make their own food
  3. ______process by which organisms in #1 use solar energy to make food
  4. ______the ‘food’ created in the process in #3
  5. ______the process in #3 converts __ energy into chemical energy
  6. ______animals that can NOT make their own food
  7. ______ATP(energy) is produced during this process (occurs in ALL organisms)
  8. ______the organelle in which the process in #7 takes place
  1. Photosynthesis:

______+ ______solar energy ______& ______

Respiration:

______+ ______& ______

ATP

  1. ______the gas madeby respiration
  2. ______the gas taken in by photosynthesis
  3. ______the gas made by photosynthesis
  4. ______the gas taken in by respiration
  5. ______the energy molecule produced by respiration

Organic Compounds

  1. ______the number of organic compounds
  2. ______all organic compounds contain this element

*Carbohydrates:

  1. ______the building blocks of carbohydrates
  2. ______carbs are broken down to produce __.
  3. ______an example of carbohydrates
  4. ______the suffix for ‘sugars’
  5. ______carbs have a ratio of 1:2:1 of carbon, hydrogen, and __.

*Lipids

  1. ______lipids include fats, oils, and __.
  2. ______lipids are used to store __.
  3. ______lipids (like whale blubber) may do this, which means to help hold heat
  4. ______a protective lipid layer on leaves, called a __, prevents water loss

*Proteins

  1. ______the monomers of proteins
  2. ______the monomers in #12 are held together with this type of bond
  3. ______special types of proteins that catalyze reactions
  4. ______word that means to “speed up”
  5. ______the proteins in #14 usually end in this suffix
  6. ______enzymes are __ during reactions
  7. ______acids and high __ may destroy enzymes
  8. ______enzymes have active sites that allow them to interact with a __.
  9. ______what is produced after the enzyme changes the substrate
  10. Circle the substrates below. Put a square around the enzyme before and after the reaction. Put a triangle around the product.

  1. Write a short summary of what happened in the picture above.

*Nucleic Acids

  1. ______& ______the two types of nucleic acids
  2. ______the monomer of nucleic acids
  3. The 3 parts of #24: ______, ______, & ______
  4. ______in DNA, adenine bonds with __.
  5. ______in DNA, guanine bonds with __.
  6. ______type of bond that holds the nitrogenous bases together in DNA
  7. ______shape of DNA
  8. ______credited with discovering the shape of DNA
  9. ______took X-ray photos of DNA that help with determining structure
  10. ______process that makes an exact copy of DNA
  11. ______the sugar in DNA
  12. ______the sugar in RNA
  13. ______RNA does NOT have this nitrogen base
  14. ______only RNA has this nitrogen base
  15. ______is single-straned
  16. ______is a double strand
  17. ______this process involves inserting foreign DNA into a host DNA

to make recombinant DNA.

  1. Describe the steps of genetic engineering as pictured above. EcoRI is a restrictor enzyme (which is the enzyme that recognizes a certain DNA sequence and cuts it).

Life at the Cellular Level

  1. List the 3 parts of the original cell theory:
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______

*Development of Cell Theory

  1. ______first to observe living microorganisms through a microscope
  2. ______observed cork and named cells
  3. ______studied plants and said all plants are made of cell
  4. ______studied animals and said all animals are made of cell
  5. ______concluded that all cells can only come from pre-existing cells

*Types of Cells: Tell whether each of the following describe Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, or Both

  1. ______have a nucleus
  2. ______have organelles
  3. ______includes the kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
  4. ______do not have organelles (mini-organs)
  5. ______includes Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
  6. ______have DNA
  7. ______go through mitosis
  8. ______go through binary fission
  9. ______have ribosomes to synthesize proteins

Cellular Organelles

  1. ______command center of the cell; contains DNA
  2. ______small organelle in the nucleus that makes ribosomes
  3. ______the site of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  4. ______transport system of the cell
  5. ______collects, packages, and distributes proteins
  6. ______contains digestive enzymes to break down old cell parts
  7. ______storage tank of the cell
  8. ______organelle that conducts ‘respiration’ for the cell (energy)
  9. ______organelle that conducts ‘photosynthesis’ for plant cells
  10. ______the powerhouse of the cell
  11. ______assists in cell division in animal cells only
  12. ______the jelly-like material in which organelles float inside a cell
  13. ______made of cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi); outside boundary
  14. ______controls what goes in and out of cells; fluid mosaic model
  15. ______numerous in heart muscle cells because of the need for energy
  16. ______numerous in cells that produce large quantities of proteins
  17. ______basic shape of plant cells
  18. ______basic shape of animal cells
  19. ______organelle in plant cells that is MUCH larger than in animal cell
  20. ______pressure created in plants by absence or presence of water in #19

Fluid Mosaic Model and Movement Through the Cell Membrane

  1. The cell membrane is composed of ______, proteins, and carbohydrates.
  2. ______the term fluid mosaic model describes this
  3. ______Diffusion is this type of transport
  4. ______the type of transport in #3 does NOT require __
  5. ______Passive transport moves molecules from __ to __ concentration.
  6. ______diffusion where carrier proteins help molecules across the membrane
  7. ______type of diffusion involving only the movement of water molecules
  8. ______type of transport that requires energy
  9. ______the transport in #8 moves molecules from ___ to ___ concentration.
  10. ______active transport that moves molecules INTO the cell
  11. ______active transport that moves molecules OUT of the cell
  12. ______moving SOLIDS into the cell
  13. ______moving LIQUIDS into the cell

Cell Division

*Mitosis

  1. ______the two identical parts that make up a chromosome
  2. ______this holds the two parts of the chromosome together
  3. ______only animal cells have these to help with chromosome movement
  4. ______phase where chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends
  5. ______phase when DNA is replicated so each cell has same information
  6. ______phase when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  7. ______these are DNA that are loose or uncoiled chromosomes
  8. ______during anaphase, these shorten & actually pull the chromosomes apart
  9. ______the division of the cytoplasm
  10. ______in plant cells only, this forms to separate the two new cells
  11. ______phase where chromosomes become visible
  12. ______phase where the new nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes
  13. ______in animal cells only, this forms during cytokinesis to separate the cells
  14. ______these attach to the chromosomes at the centromere
  15. ______early phase of mitosis; the nuclear membrane begins to disappear
  16. ______phase when 2 new daughter cells are actually formed

*Meiosis

  1. ______meiosis makes sex cells, which are called __.
  2. ______the male sex cell
  3. ______the female sex cell
  4. ______How many times does a cell divide during mitosis?
  5. ______How many times does a cell divide during meiosis?
  6. ______Meiosis makes cells with __ the # of chromosomes as the parent.
  7. ______If a human body cell has 46 chromosomes, the sex cell has __.
  8. ______If an animal’s sex cell has 12 chromosomes, the body cells have __.
  9. ______a matching chromosome with the same information regarding traits
  10. ______when a cell has 2 full sets of homologous chromosomes it is __.
  11. ______sex cells that have only one set of chromosomes are called __.
  12. ______an egg and cell combine during this process
  13. ______homologous chromosome exchange info. (crossing over) during this

stage, which can add diversity to organisms.

Making Proteins

  1. ______Almost everything in a living organisms is made of or made by __.
  2. ______when RNA enters the nucleus and copies the message from DNA
  3. ______DNA can NOT leave the __.
  4. ______The mRNA carries the ‘message’ to the __ for protein synthesis.
  5. ______a sequence of 3 bases on mRNA
  6. ______a sequence of 3 bases on a tRNA
  7. ______Amino acids are linked together with a __ bond.
  8. ______Amino acids form __.
  9. ______another name for actually making proteins
  10. ______The sequence of __ bases on DNA carry the genetic code.

Transcription & Translation

  • Use the following DNA sequence and codon chart to complete 1-3.

G G C C A T T T C G A T T T G A G C

  1. mRNA strand: ______
  2. amino acids: ______
  3. This protein is made of ______amino acids (give the number).

DNA Technology

  1. ______DNA __ is used to identify crime suspects (such as murder or rape).
  2. ______No 2 people have the same DNA except __.
  3. ______Collaborative project to find the human DNA sequence.
  4. ______The project above was collaborative because 13 __ worked together.
  5. ______Scientists hoped to find the sequence of bases to ultimately find the __

responsible for certain diseases and human traits.

  1. The project above basically was an extremely long chain of what 4 letters? ______

Genetics

  1. ______two different alleles- a hybrid (Tt)
  2. ______is the passing of characteristics from parent to offspring
  3. ______is the type of genes or alleles present in an organism’s genome
  4. ______form of gene that always shows when present
  5. ______all of the genes in an organism
  6. ______are different forms of the same gene (ex: tall vs. short)
  7. ______two alleles of the same form that make up a genotype (TT or tt)
  8. ______the father of modern genetics
  9. ______form of an allele only expressed in a homozygous state
  10. ______an inherited characteristic
  11. ______an organism’s physical appearance
  12. ______the study of heredity
  13. ______a segment of DNA located on a chromosome that codes for a

particular protein

  1. ______table used to diagram the probability of getting certain genotypes
  2. ______cross that looks at only ONE trait
  3. ______cross that looks at TWO traits at a time
  4. ______first generation of a cross (parental generation)
  5. ______offspring of the generation above
  6. ______offspring of the generation in #18.
  7. ______The Law of __ states that each gene is inherited separately

from others if they are on different chromosomes.

  1. ______The Law of __ states that 2 alleles for each trait separate as

gametes form.

  1. ______the blending of traits: red flowers + white flowers = pink flowers
  2. ______both alleles are expressed equally (such as type AB blood)
  3. ______traits usually more common in males that females (carried on the X)

Mutations

*Gene mutations

  1. ______A __ mutation is a change in one or more nucleotide bases of DNA.
  2. ______mutations are caused by these (UV light & chemicals can be examples)
  3. ______type of mutation when 1 nucleotide base in DNA is changes
  4. ______type of mutation when a nucleotide base is inserted or deleted

** Use this original DNA sequence for the following problems: A T A A C G C C T A T T

  1. What would a replicated DNA strand look like? ______
  2. The number of codons is ______.
  3. The mRNA of the original sequence would be ______.

** If the original DNA strand had the “G” deleted…

  1. Then the mRNA sequence would be ______
  2. The number of codons would be ______.

**If the original strand had a “C” added to the beginning…

  1. Then the mRNA strand would be ______
  2. The number of codons above would be ______.
  3. What types of mutations were demonstrated above? ______

** If the original strand had the “G” changed to an “A”…

  1. Then the mRNA strand would be ______
  2. The number of codons above would be ______.
  3. The type of mutation that just occurred is a ______mutation.

*Chromosomal mutations

  1. ______type of mutation where there is a change in the number or structure of

a single chromosome or whole sets of chromosomes.

  1. ______chromosomes don’t separate during meiosis
  2. ______chromosome pieces are moved onto another chromosome
  3. ______chromosome segment is inserted in reverse order
  4. ______a segment of chromosomes is repeated
  5. ______a segment of chromosomes is removed
  6. ______a segment of chromosome is added into the DNA sequence
  7. ______cells that have half the number of chromosomes (sex cells)
  8. ______cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes (1 from mom & 1 from dad)
  9. ______a cell with 3 sets of chromosomes
  10. ______a cell with many extra sets of chromosomes

Genetic Disorders

  1. ______can be used to detect mutations affecting the number of chromosomes
  2. ______occurs when there is an extra copy of a chromosome in a diploid cell
  3. ______when the above mutation occurs with the 21st chromosome pair
  4. ______when there’s a chromosome missing from a pair in a diploid cell
  5. ______condition that occurs when there is only one sex chromosome

**Look at the diagram below:

  1. What disorder would the person above be diagnosed with? ______
  2. How do you determine the disorder? ______
  3. What is the gender of the person above? ______

Taxonomy

Classification Level / Trick to remember
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

*Naming Organisms

  1. ______‘2 name naming’
  2. ______system above was developed by this scientist
  3. ______the 1st name in the scientific name is the __.
  4. ______the 2nd name in the scientific name is the __.
  5. ______If 2 organisms are in the same genus, they must be in the same __.
  6. ______Clostridium tetani & Clostridium botulinum are in the kingdom __.
  7. ______The organisms above are of different __.
  8. ______The organisms above are in the same __ (as indicated by their names).
  9. ______organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

**Complete the chart below(use the word bank for the examples 1-10 only)

Kingdom / Cell Type / Cell Structure / Number of cells / Nutrition / Examples
Eubacteria / Prokaryotic / Cell wall / Autotroph or
heterotroph / 1.
Archeabacteria / Cell wall / Autotroph or
heterotroph / 2.
Protista / Mixed / Uni or Multicellular / Autotroph or
heterotroph / 3.
4.
5.
Fungi / Cell wall
(chitin) / Uni or
Multicellular / 6.
7.
Plantae / Cell wall
(cellulose) / 8.
9.
Animalia / Eukaryotic / No cell wall / 10.

Agents of Disease

  1. ______Viruses are considered __.
  2. ______Viruses can only reproduce in a __.
  3. ______Viruses only contain DNA and an outside __ made of protein.
  4. ______A virus does not usually enter a cell, but injects its __.
  5. ______Antibiotics are used to fight __ infections.
  6. ______Antibiotics will not help a viral infection because viruses are not _
  7. ______A cold, the flu, and HIV are all caused by a __.
  8. ______these are made from a destroyed or weakened form of a virus
  9. ______You build up immunity in your body by making __.
  10. ______Any agent of disease is known as a __.

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

  1. ______Only complex kingdoms, like plants and animal, use __ reproduction.
  2. ______Sperm and eggs
  3. ______Body cells replicate by __.
  4. ______Sex cells replicate by __.
  5. ______a pollen grain is this type of sex cell
  6. ______the process of a pollen grain fertilizing an egg in a flower
  7. ______the female part of a flower that contains ovules or eggs
  8. ______pollen is found on the anther or __, which is the male part of a flower
  9. ______taxonomic classification of flowering plants
  10. ______taxonomic classification of plants that do not flower; often called the

“naked seed plants”; may have seeds in cones

  1. ______pine trees (trees that make cones)

Evolution

  1. ______The idea that a living thing could just appear or come from anything
  2. ______He tried disproved the theory above with his rotting meat experiment
  3. ______In his experiment one jar with meat was open, one was sealed, and

one had __ over the top.

  1. ______In the experiment described above, there were NO maggots on the

meat in the jar that was ___, which proved the meat did not TURN

INTO maggots.

  1. ______Lazzaro Spallanzani tried to disprove spontaneous generation by

doing an experiment to show that __ do not come from broth.

  1. ______Spallanzani boiled broth to kill bacteria and then sealed the flask. No

bacteria grew, but people said it was because the flask was sealed so

no __ could get in, and they thought this might be the vital force to

make it grow.

  1. ______In order to completely disprove spontaneous generation __ expanded

on the experiment above by using a curved neck flask.

  1. ______The curved neck would still allow in __, but captured the bacteria

before it could fall in the broth.

  1. ______Because of the experiment above, we still preserve foods today with

the process of __.

  1. ______Besides boiling, another way to preserve foods is to kill bacteria by

using __.

*First Life

  1. ______Earth’s atmosphere had to be very hot and with little oxygen for the

first __ molecules to form.

  1. ______the type of cell we believe were the first to evolve
  2. ______We believe early cells had to be able to do this process to make food.
  3. ______The process above added __ to the atmosphere.
  4. ______As the atmosphere evolved, organisms could move from water to __.
  5. ______We believe some simple cells engulfed each other and led to the

formation of more complex cells we now call __.

  1. ______The statement in #6 basically summarizes the __ theory.

*Early Theorists of Evolution

  1. ______this says-- if you don’t use it, you lose it.
  2. ______An early theorist who believed useful traits would be passed on. For

example, giraffe’s long necks were a result of being stretched to reach

tall trees and the ones who didn’t stretch died out.

  1. ______Belief of the scientist above that says if a characteristic

occurs and is beneficial to an organisms survival, then it will be

passed on. For example, if a toe gets cut off and it’s helpful, the that

trait gets passed on to offspring.

  1. ______The scientist above had no __ to support his theory so it was

thrown out.

  1. ______the idea that only the organisms best suited to the environment will

survive. In other words, nature decides who lives and who dies.

  1. ______Scientist known for introducing the idea above.
  2. ______islands where the scientist above is famous for making his studies
  3. ______animal the scientist in #23 is famous for studying
  4. ______The name of the book the scientist in #23 wrote that compiled his

evidence for evolution.

*Rates of Evolution

  1. ______organisms evolve as a result of small adaptive changes over time
  2. ______short periods of rapid change followed by long periods of

little or no change.