Biology/Science AIMS Review Packet

Part 1

Semester 1 Quarter 1

Scientific Processes—Things to know when studying science.

Use the data table below to answer the following questions:

Effect of Different Physical Activities on Heart Rate
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
Type of Activity / Trial 1 / Trial 2 / Trial 3 / Average
Standing / 68 / 72 / 70 / 70
Running / 162 / 168 / 174 / 168
Weight Lifting / 140 / 158 / 151 / 149
Walking / 110 / 115 / 108 / 111
Yoga / 102 / 94 / 98 / 98

*

  1. Explain two ways you know what the independent variable is in this experiment. (Type of Activity) – What you are changing, the variable which you the experimentor is manipulating.
  1. Explain two ways you know what the dependent variable is in this experiment.(Heart Rate measured in beats per minute.) – What you are measuring, the variable which you the experimentor is measuring to determine any change.

3. What is the control in this experiment? __standing___ Explain how you know: _this is the experiment where no change has occurred. This is serving as the baseline for comparison to the trials where you the experimento has changed something.

  1. Why would this scientist want to include 3 trials and take an average heart rate? __to ensure accuracy, help minimize error,
  2. If you were to graph this data, what kind of graph would be the best to use? ___bar graph. Explain

your answer: __1 qualitative (quality: color, something objective) variable, 1 quantative (numerical, data driven) variable.

  1. What kind of relationship should the graph show based on the data found in the table? __As the type of activity increases in intensity with the test subject, the heart rate increases. ______
  1. Draw a line representing that relationship

on the skeleton graph to the right.

  1. Label each axis of the skeleton graph

with the correct position of the IV and the DV.

Heart Rate vs. Type of Activity

  1. Write in a good title for a graph containing

the data in the table above.

  1. Where is the best place for a scientist/researcher

to report their findings so the scientific community

will be informed and begin to test/critique the research

for accuracy, comparison, and modification?

Publish in scientific journal so other scientists can repeat the experiment and yield the same result.

Use the scenario and the data table below to answer the following questions:

Dr. Stanley is a Zoologist studying elephants and their habits. He decided to find out how many elephants visited a particular watering hole each day, so he counted the elephants every day for a week. He then found the mean, median, and mode for his data to help him communicate his findings.

Number of Elephants per Day
Sunday / Monday / Tuesday / Wednesday / Thursday / Friday / Saturday
16 / 14 / 16 / 16 / 19 / 52 / 16

*Buckle Down Arizona AIMS HS Science 2nd Edition 2007

  1. Define each of the following in one word or phrase and do the math to calculate each. Show your work.
  2. mean--__add all of the numbers in the set and divide by how many numbers are in the list answer:
  1. median--_the list of numbers should be arranged in order from lowest to highest. The number in the middle or the average of the two middle numbers is the mediananswer:
  1. mode--Mode refers to the number in a list that occurs mostoftenanswer:
  1. Which of the above forms of mathematical models would best show an accurate representation of Dr. Stanley’s data? ______Explain the reason(s) for your choice: ______

______

Chapter 1—General Biology information

13.Name and describe the 7(8) characteristics of living things.

Characteristic / Define/Describe
1 / Cells / All living things are composed of one (unicellular) or more (multicellular cells. Cells are the smallest unit of living things.
2 / Reproduce / All living things have the ability to reproduce to produce offspring.
3 / Move / All living things respond to their environment
4 / Acquire & Use Energy / To cary out life’s functions such as cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Energy is captured from sunlight by plants and algae. The transfer of energy from one form to another is an example of metabolism. All organisms require energy to grow, usually in the form of ATP.
5 / Homeostasis / All living things must maintain a stable internal balance. Organisms act to keep their interior conditions relatively constant.
6 / Grow & Develop / All living things grow and replenish themselves. Cells individually reproduce, humans as a group can reproduce.
7 / Evolve / All living things change over time. Evolution is a genetic change in a population over time.
8 / Genetics / All living things contain genentic material based on the replication and duplication of genetic material. This genetic information is massed on to future generations in a process called heredity.

Chapter 2—Chemistry of Life

Use the following word bank to fill in the missing words or phrases in the paragraph about water below.

acidadhesionbase capillary actionhydrogen (X3)hydroxide

polarsurface tension1-6cohesion8-14oxygen

14. Water—Water molecules are composed of 2 atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. The position of these atoms causes a water molecule to be slightly charged or what is called polar. The bond formed by the slight attraction of water molecules to one another is called a hydrogen bond. It is a relatively weak bond, but strong enough to allow water to form an attraction with itself which allows for surface tension. This attraction is called cohesion. This is how water drops are formed. Another form of attraction between water and other polar substances is called adhesion. This is what allows water to move up the stem of a plant, also called capillary action. If water molecules within a given substance break their individual bonds, the resulting particles are called ions; H+ is a hydrogen ion and OH- is a hydroxide ion. Substances with larger numbers of H+ in solution are called acid their pH is between 1-6. Substance with reduced numbers of H+ in solution are called bases their pH is between 8-14.

15.Organic Compounds—Molecules of Life – HBIO – pg. 55

Macro-
molecule (polymer) / Building Block (monomer) [small parts that make a whole] / Molecular Structure of the Building Block [draw correct molecule here] / Elements it is com-
posed of / Cell Part or Process they are involved in / Importance to Living Things
Monosaccharide
(glucose) / Simple:
Glucose, monosaccharides / Energy, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration / energy

Carbo-

hydrate

/ Simple Sugars / C,H,O
1:2:1
C:H:O
Complex:
Starch = polymer of simple sugars connected together
Saturated:
Fatty Acid / Fatty acids, single bonds
C,N,O,P / Steroids, long term energy storage,
Lipids (fats) / Cell protection, oils,
Unsaturated:
Double bonds
[specialized-phospholipid bilayer]
Diffusion/osmosis / Phospholipid bilayer regulates what enters/exits the cell
Phosphate head (hydrophilic), Lipid Tail (hydrophobic)
Amino acids / Primary (1°), Secondary (2°), Tertiary (3°), Quaternary (4°) structures / C,H, O, N / Proteins, Enzymes, Polypeptides / Enzymes, cartilage, bones, tendons, collagen, keratin, chemical messengers throughout the brain
Proteins
DNA / Nucleotides / Long polymers = nucleic acids / Nitrogenous base, sugar (deoxyribose DNA) (ribose RNA), phosphate group / DNA Replication / Stores genetic information
Energy Molecule:
P-P-P-Adenine / Draw picture here / 3 phosphate groups + Adenine (nitrogen base) / Cellular respiration / energy
ATP / Adenosine TriPhosphate

Chapter 3—Cells

Fill in the missing information in the diagrams and tables below.

16. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

17. /

Cell Organelles

Name / Function / Plant Animal Both / Process Involved In
cell membrane / Regulates what enters & exits cell:Protection & support / Both / Diffusion/osmosis:
cell wall / Maintain shape of cell: protection & support / Plant / Diffusion/osmosis/protection: support
cytoplasm / jelly-like substance that fills the cell, it is 80% water / Both / Store organelles
vacuole / Storage – non membrane bound compartment which stores ions, sugars, pigments / Plant & Protista / Increase surface to volume ratio of plant cell
ribosome / Small complex assemblies of protein and RNA often bound to ER / Both / Site of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus / distribution and shipping department for the cell's chemical products / Both / Forms vesicles which to transport proteins in or out of cell.
rough ER / Ribosomes attached on outside, aids in protein synthesis / Both / Participates in protein and lipid synthesis
smooth ER / No ribosomes, does not work in protein synthesis, used in metabolism and synthesis of fats / Both / Aid in manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids
central vacuole / Single vacuole in the center of a plant – storage for primarily water, keeps plant cells expand outward increasing surface area / Plant / Storage, increase surafce area
chloroplast / Double membrane organelle with stacks of thylakoid vesicles. Used in photosynthesis to trap the light energy particles / Plant / Trap light energy particles for photosynthesis
mitochondria / Double membrane organelle responsible for cellular respiration / Both / Cellular respiration
nucleus / Command center and control of the cell directing all activities / Both / All cell activities
nucleolus / non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus / Both / rRNA units assemble
nuclear membrane / Double membrane protecting DNA / Both / Regulates what enters & exits nucleus
centrosome / the main microtubule organizing center of the animal cell as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression /

Animal

/ Mitosis
lysosome / Recycling center: garbage disposal: digesting worn-out cell components & cell death “apoptosis” / Both / Cell death “apoptosis”
microtubules / Protein fibers within the cytoskeleton / Both / Help the cell to move, maintain structure of the cell
nuclear pores / holes in nuclear membrane, regulate passage between nucleus & cytoplasm, some pass not others / Both / Allow RNA to pass into and out of nucleus
centrioles / cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules / A / Moves chromosomes where they need to be

Chapter 4—Cell Transport

  1. Is a large cell or a small cell more efficient? small Explain your answer in terms of surface area to volume ratio: less time for molecules/messages to pass into/out of cell.

Fill in the following flow chart with the information asked for in each box.

19.

20. Define the solution types in the table below and draw in the shape/appearance of the cells in that solution.

Hypertonic / Isotonic / Hypotonic
Definition / Moves out – cell will shrivel / Equal / Moves in – cell will swell
Draw Shape
in Beaker / / /

21. List in order from smallest to largest the levels of organization of living things. (use the extended version)

smallest--species__

Genus______

Family______

Order______

Class______Write the word “species” next to the

Phylum__level of organization that would

Kindom______represent an individual species.

Domain______Define the term, species here: _descriptive term used to describe a specific species of living organism.

  1. Define the 5 ways in which cells can reproduce and give an example of an organism that uses each type of reproduction.
  1. binary fission- prokaryotes reproduce – after the circular DNA is copied, the cell will swell and the newly replicated DNA will move toward each end of the cell. Cell splits in two using the plasma membrane

Example: see pg. 142 HBIO

  1. sexual reproduction- meiosis – involves sperm & egg cells (gametes)

M Phase – Meiosis I & II

  1. P – Prophase I & II
  2. M – Metaphase I & II
  3. A – Anaphase I & II
  4. T – Telophase I & II

C Phase - Cytokinesis

Example: pg. 158 in textbook

  1. asexual reproduction- mitosis- cell duplication

Interphase

  1. G1 – cell grows
  2. S – synthesis phase – DNA is copied
  3. G2 – organelles are copied

M Phase – Mitosis

  1. P – Prophase
  2. M – Metaphase
  3. A – Anaphase
  4. T – Telophase

C Phase - Cytokinesis

Example – pg. 147 in textbook

23. Are viruses living? List evidence for and against and state your final determination based on the evidence you presented here.

Viruses are alive.Viruses are not alive.Final Determination