Honors Biology Midterm Review Guide: 2013-2014 Year

The Cell

  1. What is the difference between a plant and animal cell.
  2. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell
  3. Why is the phospholipid bilayer important – what is it composed of, vesicle formation
  4. Diffusion- which way do particles move in an experiment
  5. Define diffusion
  6. What happens at equilibrium
  7. Define Osmosis
  8. Lab safety- no question be familiar with class rules for
  9. What is the structure (look like) and function of following parts of cell

  1. Nucleus
  2. Nucleolus
  3. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  4. Cell wall
  5. Ribosomes
  6. Golgi Apparatus
/ g. Cilia
h. Flagella
i. Mitochondria
j. Central vacuole
k. Chloroplast
  1. What are the principles of cell theory- possible essay
  2. How should one look at a slide on the microscope at high power
  3. Lab practical- Be able to locate, draw, and label a cell on high power.

Chemistry

  1. What is the atomic number? Atomic weight? An isotope? An ion?
  2. Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on the periodic table.
  3. What are the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in Magnesium and Chlorine?
  4. What are the number of electron cloud layers and how many electrons are in each?
  5. Draw electron cloud configuration for Magnesium and Chlorine.
  6. Identify the reactants and products in a chemical equation
  7. What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? Give an example of each.
  8. What is pH? How does what know if a substance is an acid or base or neutral?
  9. Identify which functional groups are present for a given molecule.
  10. For carbohydrates, fats, and proteins be able to
  11. Identify the monomers for each? How does the molecule progress to be a polymer?
  12. How does dehydration synthesis work to build a polymer of each group?
  13. How does hydrolysis work to break down the polymer of each group?
  14. What are the different functions of each group?
  15. Which and how are these groups listed on a food label.
  16. What are the different forms and functions of polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose
  17. How can you tell the difference between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.
  18. What are the 4 types of protein structures? What mechanisms are in place to cause the shape at each level.
  19. Interpret a graph on the effects of an enzyme
  20. Explain the induced fit model – such as sucrase on sucrose- possible essay question.
  21. How does denaturation occur and affect enzymes.

Ecology

  1. Food web /pyramids
  2. Define the types of organisms- producers, consumers, decomposers, omnivores
  3. What will happen to other organisms if the food web is disrupted
  4. Define producer, 1st, 2nd or 3rd order consumers
  5. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors- examples
  6. Be able to read pyramid of numbers and energy- how is energy flow represented through a food chain / web-possible essay question
  7. Human population growth
  8. Graphs: Draw and explain J-shape / exponential, S-shape / carrying capacity
  9. What are causes for rapid human growth in last 150 years
  10. Symbiosis: define and examples of commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, predator-prey
  11. Human disturbances
  12. Define: Ozone layer depletion, biological magnification
  13. Define: Acid rain, deforestation
  14. Ecological succession: primary v. secondary – what is the difference
  15. Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biome: define each in relations to one another
  16. Calculate density of a population- what is the formula
  17. Conservation
  18. What methods are used to increase biodiversity and protect endangered species
  19. What are threats to biodiversity
  20. Path of energy in living things- Comes from where and goes through life how?
  21. Chemical cycles: Carbon, nitrogen, and water- what does each do?
  22. What is the difference between abiotic and biotic. Give examples of each.
  23. For each of the following biomes be able to describe general characteristics of each: Desert, Tundra, Coniferous forest (taiga), Temperate deciduous forest, grassland, tropical rain forest. Create a table on your paper as below and complete for all listed biomes.

Biome / Water / Temperature / Soil / Plants / Animals
Desert
Tundra
Coniferous forest (taiga)
Temperate Deciduous
Grassland
Tropical rain forest

Word Parts for Honors Biology Midterm

Part / Meaning / Vocabulary / Part / Meaning / Vocabulary
a / without / abiotic / magna / big,large / magnify
aeros- / air, oxygen / aerobic
micro- / small / microscope
mono- / one / monomer
-ase / enzyme / sucrase / omni / all / omnivore
auto- / self / autotroph / -ose / sugar / glucose
bio- / life / biosphere
carnis, caro / flesh / carnivore / -philic / love / hydrophilic
chloro- / green / chloroplast / -phobic / fear / hydrophobic
photo- / light / photosynthesis
-cyte, cyto- / cell / cytoplasm
de- / from / dehydration synthesis / -phyto- / plant / phytoplankton
di- / two / disaccharide / plasm-, -plasm / forming, liquid / cytoplasm
endo- / inner, inside / endocytosis / poly- / many / polysaccharide
eu- / true / eukaryotic / primos, / first / primary consumer
exo- / outside / exocytosis / pro- / before / prokaryote
herba / plant / herbivore / -sacchar / sugar / monosaccharide
hetero- / other, different / heterotroph / stoma / mouth / stomata
hydro- / water / hydrolysis / syn- / together / ATP synthase
hyper- / over, more / hypertonic
hypo- / under, less / hypotonic / trans- / across / transport
iso- / equal / isotonic / tri-, tres- / three / triphosphate
karyo- / nucleus / karyotype / troph / feeding, nutrition / trophic level
-logy / study of / biology / vacuos / empty / vacuole
lysis / to loosen, cut / lysosome / vorare / devour / omnivore

Essays

  1. Explain the three parts of the cell theory and explain why it is important to biology?
  2. Apply the induced-fit model of enzymes and substrates to sucrose / sucrase. How does denaturing affect an enzymatic reaction.
  3. Trace the path and amount of energy (including % loss) from the sun to a quarternary level consumer in a food chain.

Exam Breakdown

The questions will be grouped by topic on the exam. There will be 15 questions for each of the following sections: Cell, Word Parts, Biochemistry, & Ecology.

Honors Biology Midterm Review Guide: 2012-13 ANSWERS

The Cell

1.What is the difference between a plant and animal cell

Plant / Animal
Membrane and cell wall / Plasma membrane
Mitochondria and chloroplast / Mitochondria
Cytoplasm, nucleus / Cytoplasm, nucleus
Most organelles / Most organelles
  1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell

– prokaryotic lacks a nucleus and most other organelles

- eukaryotic cellhas a membrane bound nucleus and organelles

  1. Why is the phospholipid bilayer important- regulates the transport of substances across it, hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, transport ptoteins. Oxygen and water diffuse, glucose by proteins. Exocytosis / endocytosis- moving material out or into cell by vesicless made of membrane
  1. Diffusion- which way do particles move in an experiment
  2. Define diffusion- net movement of the particles of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated

b. What happens at equilibrium- reached when the movement of particles in one direction is equal

to the number of particles moving in the other

c. Define osmosis- passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane

  1. Lab safety- be familiar with class rules for: fire use, acid use, glass breakage
  1. What is the structure (look like) and function of following parts of cell

a. Nucleus: center of cell, circular; the part that houses the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA

b. Nucleolus: ball-like mass of fibers and granules in a cell nucleus

c. Endoplasmic Reticulum: may be smooth or rough ribbon-like; network of membranes within a

cell's cytoplasm that produces a variety of molecules

d. Cell wall: box like structure; strong wall outside a plant cell's plasma membrane that protects the cell

and maintains its shape

e. Ribosomes: small dot structures- cluster of proteins and nucleic acids that constructs proteins in a cell

f. Golgi apparatus: flattened stack of ovals; cellular organelle that modifies, stores, and routes cell

products

g. Cilia: short hair-like structures from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell

through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface

h. Flagella: whip-like structure responsible for movement

i. Mitochondria: powerplant of cell- turns glucose into ATP; bean shaped

j. Central vacuole: large structure (bigger than nucleus) stores water to help hold plants up

k. Chloroplast: green disk structure responsible to turn solar energy into glucose

7. What are the principles of cell theory

- All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living

things (life legos), cells come from pre-existing cells

8. How should one look at a slide on the microscope at high power: set in on low power and find the object, go to medium and then high keeping the organism in the center of the field of view, only use the fine adjustment on high power.

Chemistry

  1. What is the atomic number? Atomic weight? An isotope? An ion?Atomic number is the number of protons in an element – it is its identity. Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons in an element. Isotope is form of an element that weighs more due to more neutrons. Ion is either a positively or negatively charged element / compound due to gaining or losing electrons.
  1. Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on the periodic table. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of electrons of an element on the periodic table is the atomic number. Neutrons are calculated by the atomic mass minus the atomic number.
  2. What are the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in Carbon & Chlorine?

Carbon: 6 protons, 6 electrons, 6 neutrons Chlorine: 17 electrons, 17 protons, 18 neutrons

  1. What are the number of electron cloud layers and how many electrons are in each? Each row of the periodic table is the number of layers in the electron cloud. Each column (up and down) is the number of electrons in the outer most layer.
  2. Draw electron cloud configuration for Magnesium and Chlorine
  1. Identify the reactants and products in a chemical equation- reactans are on the left side of the equation and products are on the right side. Hydrogen and oxygen are reactants that make water.

H2 + O2 H2O

  1. What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? Give an example of each.Ionic bonds are made when an electron leaves the outer layer of one element and goes to another element – creating two ions. The atoms attract due to opposite charge like salt Na+ and Cl-. Covalent bonds are when elements share the electrons in the outermost layer like H2O.
  1. What is pH? How does what know if a substance is an acid or base or neutral?pH is the measure of H+ ion concentration in a solution. Scale 0-14. Less than 7 acid, greater than 7 base. & is considered neutral or pure water.
  2. Identify which functional groups are present for a given molecule.

Hydroxyl
/ Carboxyl
/ Amino

Aldehyde
/ Ketone
/ phosphate

nitrogen lone pair

8. For carbohydrates, fats, and proteins be able to

  1. Identify the monomers for each? How does the molecule progress to be a polymer?
  2. How does dehydration synthesis work to build a polymer of each group?
  3. How does hydrolysis work to break down the polymer of each group?
  4. What are the different functions of each group?
  5. Which and how are these groups listed on a food label.

Category / Carbohydrates / Fats / Proteins
Monomers Polymers / Monosaccharide like glucose or fructose - polysaccharide / Glycerol & fatty acids  triglyceride. / Amino acids  polypeptide chains  primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
Dehydration synthesis & bonds / Remove 1 water to make a disaccharide from 2 monosaccharides / Remove 3 water molecules to bind glycerol with 3 fatty acids / Remove 1 water molecule to make a peptide bond
Hydrolysis (add water to cut) / Polysaccarides  Monosaccharides / Triglyceride  Glycerol + 3 fatty acids / 4th structure 3rd structure  2nd structure polypeptide chain  amino acids
Common names/ food / Sugars, syrups / fats, oils / meats, legumes
Functions / 1.Energy for body
2.Stored energy / 1.Stored energy
2.Cell membranes / 1.Structures- hair, muscle, tissues
2.Hormones & enzymes
Food Label / Carbohydrates, sugars / Fats, saturated, cholesterol / Proteins

9. What are the different forms and functions of polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose

Glycogen- branched chain stored energy for glucose

Cellulose- structural support in stems of plants

Starch- complex sugar food source found in potatoes, rice, and corn

10. How can you tell the difference between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.

Saturated- have no C=C double bonds and all C are saturated with H atoms. Monounsaturated- have one C=C double bond, and polyunsaturated has two or more C=C bonds.

11. What are the 4 types of protein structures? What mechanisms are in place to cause the shape at each level.

Primary- polypeptide; Secondary-alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets; Tertiary- Ionic bonds, sulfur bridges, hydrophobic reactions, hydrogen bonds; Quarternary- multiple amino acids form protein structure.

12. Interpret a graph on the effects of an enzyme-interpretation of graph data

13. Explain the induced fit model – such as sucrase on sucrose- possible essay question.

E + S --> ES --> E + P / Sucrase (enzyme) binds to sucrose (substrate)  (products) glucose and

fructose +sucrase (enzyme)

14. What is denaturation of an enzyme – how does it occur? Protein breaks down and unfolds due to

extreme temperature and pH changes.

Ecology

  1. Food web /pyramids

a. Define the types of organisms- producers, consumers- see #1 photosynthesis

decomposers -organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

omnivores- consumer that eats both producers and consumers

b. What will happen to other organisms if the food web is disrupted- decrease or increase other organisms

c. Define producer- see photosynthesis #1

1st order consumers- consumer that feeds directly on producers

2nd order consumers- consumer that eats primary consumers

3rd order consumers- consumer that eats secondary consumers

d. What is the difference between abiotic- nonliving like rocks, weather and biotic factors- living factors like number of prey

e. Be able to read pyramid of numbers and energy- how is energy flow represented- energy decreases as go up orders due to heat loss

2. Human population growth

a. Graphs: Draw and explain J-shape / exponential, S-shape / carrying capacity:

b. What are causes for rapid human growth in last 150 years: sanitation, medicine, technology

3. Symbiosis- close interaction between species in which one species lives in or on the other and examples of

-commensalisms-symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other organism is neither harmed nor helped

-mutualism-type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms involved benefit

-parasitism- relationship in which a parasitic organism obtains its food at the expense of a host organism

-predator-prey- : interaction in which one organism consumes another

4. Human disturbances

a. Define: Ozone layer -atmospheric gas (O3) that absorbs ultraviolet radiation, shielding organisms from its damaging effects

biological magnification- process by which pollutants become more concentrated in successive

trophic levels of a food web

b. Define: Acid rain- precipitation that contains nitric and/or sulfuric acids

deforestation- clearing of forests for agriculture, lumber, or other uses

5. Ecological succession: primary v. secondary – what is the difference

primary succession: process by which a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil

secondary succession: change following a disturbance that damages an existing community but leaves

the soil intact

6. Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biome: define each in relations to one another

7. Calculate density of a population- what is the formula: # of individuals / sq. area or volume

8. Conservation

a. What methods are used to increase biodiversity and protect endangered species-

zoned reserve: area of land that is relatively undisturbed by humans and is surrounded by buffer zones

that are minimally impacted by humans

buffer zone: area of a reserve that is minimally impacted by humans

sustainable development: use of natural resources in a way that allows them to renew themselves and

be available for the future

b. What are threats to biodiversity-

overexploitation: practice of harvesting or hunting to such a degree that remaining individuals may not

be able to replenish the population

9. Path of energy in living things- Comes from where and goes through life how? Starts with sun then plants then other organisms. The amount of the sun’s energy decreases as go up food chain due to heat loss and mass building.

10. Chemical cycles:

Carbon- recycles oxygen and carbon dioxide,

nitrogen- places nitrogen from atmosphere into soil and living things and back into atmosphere,

water- recycle water in various physical states

11.What is the difference between abiotic and biotic. Give examples of each.Abiotic deal with things that are not living like soil and rocks and water. Biotic deals with living things such as plants, animals, and humans.

12. For each of the following biomes be able to describe general characteristics of each: Desert, Tundra, Coniferous forest (taiga), Temperate deciduous forest, grassland, tropical rain forest.

Word Parts for Honors Biology Midterm

Part / Meaning / Vocabulary / Part / Meaning / Vocabulary
a / without / abiotic / magna / big,large / magnify
aeros- / air, oxygen / aerobic
an- / without / anaerobic / micro- / small / microscope
mono- / one / monomer
-ase / enzyme / sucrase / omni / all / omnivore
auto- / self / autotroph / -ose / sugar / glucose
bio- / life / biosphere
carnis, caro / flesh / carnivore / -philic / love / hydrophilic
chloro- / green / chloroplast / -phobic / fear / hydrophobic
chroma, chromo / color / chromatography / photo- / light / photosynthesis
-cyte, cyto- / cell / cytoplasm / phyllon / leaf / chlorophyll
de- / from / dehydration synthesis / -phyto- / plant / phytoplankton
di- / two / disaccharide / plasm-, -plasm / forming, liquid / cytoplasm
endo- / inner, inside / endocytosis / poly- / many / polysaccharide
eu- / true / eukaryotic / primos, / first / primary consumer
exo- / outside / exocytosis / pro- / before / prokaryote
herba / plant / herbivore / -sacchar / sugar / monosaccharide
hetero- / other, different / heterotroph / stoma / mouth / stomata
hydro- / water / hydrolysis / syn- / together / ATP synthase
hyper- / over, more / hypertonic
hypo- / under, less / hypotonic / trans- / across / transport
iso- / equal / isotonic / tri-, tres- / three / triphosphate
karyo- / nucleus / karyotype / troph / feeding, nutrition / trophic level
-logy / study of / biology / vacuos / empty / vacuole
lysis / to loosen, cut / lysosome / vorare / devour / omnivore

Essays