Biology Midterm Review Continued

Protein Synthesis

1. Distinguish between what happens in transcription and translation and where the two processes take place.

2. Use the following DNA sequence to determine which amino acids are coded for: ACTGCATTT. You’ll need your Codon Table!

3. Name and give the function of the 3 types of RNA in protein synthesis.

4. How would a change in a single base pair of the DNA affect the resulting protein?

Cell Transport

Use the following illustrations to answer Questions 3-5.

5.  The illustrations above demonstrate the transport of an ion across the plasma membrane, but they are out of sequence. In what order do they belong?

A.  D-C-B-A B. A-B-D-C C. C-B-D-A D. A-D-B-C

6.  What statement is true about diagram D?

B.  The ion movement is random

C.  Energy is required

D.  The fatty acids in the plasma membrane could also move apart to allow the ion through

E.  The concentration of ions is higher at the top of diagram D at the bottom

7.  Which process is best represented by these diagrams?

F.  Diffusion B. Active Transport C. Endocytosis D. Passive Transport

8.  Compare and contrast active transport and facilitated diffusion.

9.  A Paramecium expels water when it is in fresh-water. What can you conclude about the concentration gradient in the organism’s environment?

Carbon Cycle

10.  Which of the following would most decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the air?

A. A growing maple tree B. A running dog C. A person driving a car D. A burning forest

11.  Which 2 elements are important in the carbon cycle? A. oxygen and nitrogen B. hydrogen and nitrogen C. oxygen and carbon D. carbon and hydrogen

RNA and DNA Structure

12.  Mark whether each of the following basic components is absent or present in DNA and RNA.

Component Name / DNA / RNA
Phosphate group
Simple sugar
Nitrogenous base
Hydrogen bonds
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Double helix
Ribose
Deoxyribose

Cell Cycle

13.  Name the 5 phases of the cell cycle and give a brief description of each:

14.  Which of the following indicates the correct order of mitosis in animal cells?

A.  A-B-C-D B. B-C-A-D C. C-A-D-B D. C-B-A-D

Organelle Functions

15.  Describe the differences between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell.

16.  Compare mitochondria and chloroplasts. Why are they referred to as energy transformers?

17.  Choose the correct vocabulary words to fit the definitions below:

______Organelle that is the boundary between the cell and its environment

______Membrane-bound organelles that transform energy in all eukaryotic cells

______Name of the organelle inside the nucleus

______Highly organized structures within cells

______Organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis

______Organelle that stores things in the cell

______Basic unit of organization of both unicellular and multicellular organisms

18.  Which of the following is NOT found in both plant and animal cells?

A.  cell wall B. cytoskeleton C. ribosomes D. mitochondria

Energy Flow

19.  What is the source of energy for life on Earth?

20.  Order the following levels of biological organization from the broadest to the smallest categories:

Biological community, Population, Biosphere, Ecosystem, Organism

21.  Match the correct definition to each of the levels used in Question 20.

______A group of organisms, all of one species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.

______An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops.

______The portion of Earth that supports life.

______Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area and with the abiotic components of that area.

______All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.

22.  Why do autotrophs always occupy the lowest level of ecological pyramids?

23.  Which of the following describes energy and matter in ecosystems?

A.  Both energy and matter are completely recycled.

B.  Matter recycles, but some energy is transferred.

C.  Energy is recycled, but most matter is lost.

D.  Both matter and energy are completely lost.

Use the following energy pyramid diagram to answer Questions 25 and 26.

24.  In the pyramid of energy above, less energy is available in the second level because ______.

A.  There is more food that at the first level

B.  Energy from the first level was given off as heat

C.  The organism at the top doesn’t need very much energy

D.  Producers don’t use as much energy

25.  Distinguish between a food web and a food chain. Draw one of each.

26.  The amount of energy at each level is about ______of what it was on the level before:

A.  50% B. 25% C. 20% D. 10%

Photosynthesis and Respiration

27.  Give the starting materials and products of each of these two processes.

28.  In which structure does photosynthesis take place?

A.  Cytoplasm B. chloroplast C. Nucleus D. Ribosome

29.  Name the three steps of aerobic cellular respiration and tell where they take place.

30.  What is the purpose of NADH?

31.  What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Cell Energy and Enzymes

32.  What type of biomolecule is an enzyme?

A. Protein B. Nucleic acid C. Lipid D. Carbohydrate

33.  List 4 factors that affect the functioning of an enzyme?

34.  Illustrate how enzymes are used and recycled. Include and label the following aspects: enzyme, active site, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, product

35.  Illustrate the ATP-ADP energy cycle. Include and label the following aspects: adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenine, ribose, phosphoric acid, ATP synthase, stored energy, released energy

36.  Where is energy stored in the ATP molecule and how, specifically, is it released for use by the cell?

DNA Replication

37.  Define the function of the following enzymes: DNA polymerase, helicase, and ligase

38.  Draw the structure of DNA and label the following parts: nucleotide, nitrogen base, hydrogen bond, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group

Biomolecules

39.  Give the monomers, an example, and a use of the following four major biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids

40.  Match the following nutrient tests with the appropriate biomolecule: Iodine, Brown paper towel test, Benedict’s solution, Biuret’s solution

Scientific Method

41.  What is the difference between a dependent and an independent variable?

42.  What is the first step of the scientific method process?

43.  Draw a logistic and an exponential growth graph.

Human Impact on the Environment

44.  Define the following human impacts on the environment and give an example of how it could impact an ecosystem: acid rain, non-native species, deforestation

Characteristics of Life and Intro to Ecology

45.  Name the 5 unifying characteristics of living things.

46.  What is homeostasis?

47.  What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?

48.  Give an example of the four types of relationships between organisms: predator-prey, commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism


Key

ð  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus

ð  Nucleus

ð  Vacuole

  1. DNA – A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA codes for an amino acid. The amino acid sequence determines the protein structure.

RNA – A codon is a 3-base sequence of mRNA that codes for a single amino acid.

  1. Transcription is the process of making an mRNA copy from a portion of a DNA strand. Translation is the process of converting the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
  2. The rough ER is rough because of the ribosomes attached to it. The ribosomes actively construct proteins. The smooth ER has no ribosomes, and carries out other functions, such as lipid production and storage.
  3. The shape of a protein is determined by the number and sequence of amino acids and whether the protein is made of one or more chains of amino acids. The interactions between the amino acids fold the protein into its final three-dimensional shape.
  4. C. C-B-D-A
  5. B. Energy is required
  6. B. Active transport
  7. D. D
  8. C. C
  9. B. B
  10. A. A
  11. Molecules tend to move from higher to lower concentration. Active transport reverses the trend requiring energy input.
  12. Facilitated diffusion and active transport use carrier proteins. Facilitated diffusion does not require energy; active transport does.
  13. The organism is in a hypotonic environment and the concentration gradient is from the outside to inside.
  14. A. A growing maple tree

Component Name / DNA / RNA
Phosphate group / Present / Present
Simple sugar / Present / Present
Nitrogenous base / Present / Present
Hydrogen bonds / Present / Present
Adenine / Present / Present
Thymine / Present / Absent
Guanine / Present / Present
Cytosine / Present / Present
Uracil / Absent / Present
Double helix / Present / Absent
Ribose / Absent / Present
Deoxyribose / Present / Absent
  1. X, Y
  2. X – highest rate of mitosis
  3. Any area of rapid growth such as skin, hair follicles, intestine lining
  4. Answers may vary: the phase has already occurred, the phase has not yet occurred, area of view is not rapidly growing, etc.
  5. D. C-B-A-D
  6. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. A prokaryotic cell has no membrane-bound organelles. Most of its metabolism takes place in its cyctoplasm.
  7. Folding the membrane allows much more material to be compressed into the small space. This maximizes the amount of energy production that can take place within this space. The folding increases the surface area where chemical reactions can occur. Examples: endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.
  8. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are composed of two membranes, with the inner membrane being highly folded. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and other pigments used to capture light energy. Mitochondria and chloroplasts transform energy from one form to another.
  9. Plasma membrane, mitochondria, organelle, ribosomes, cell
  10. A. chloroplast
  11. Biosphere – Ecosystem – Biological Community – Population – Organism
  12. Population – Organism – Biosphere – Ecosystem – Biological Community
  13. Autotrophs capture light energy and create nutrients. When eaten, they provide nutrients for all other organisms.
  14. B. Matter recycles, but some energy is transferred.
  15. B. energy from the first level was given off as heat
  16. D. 10%