Name______/ Per ____

Biology I Final Exam Study Guide

Chapter 3

  1. What is ecology? ______(p. 65, Key Point)
  2. What are the he levels of organization within the biosphere from smallest to largest? (p. 64-65) ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______What is the lowest level that includes both biotic & abiotic factors? ______
  3. An organism that produces its own food from inorganic compounds is called a ______or a(n) ______(p. 69)Organisms that must eat other organisms for food are called ______or ______. (p. 71)
  1. In the diagram to the right, what is the primary producer? ______How many trophic levels are displayed in the diagram? ____ What is another name for the organism at the 2nd trophic level in the above diagram? ______(p. 76 - 77)
  2. How do most primary producers make their own food? ______(process, p. 70) which converts ______into ______. What level consumer is a hawk that ate a snake that ate a mouse that ate seeds? ______
  3. What kind of organisms break down dead or decaying plants and animals? (p. 74 fig. 3-8)) ______
  4. How much energy (percent) is passed from one trophic level to the next? (p. 77 fig 3-11) _____ What is the energy used for by the organism? ______Energy not used for life processes is released as ______and cannot be captured by the next trophic level.
  5. What are 3 types of ecological pyramids? (p. 77-78) ______, ______, & ______What type of pyramid would be used to show the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem? ______What type of units might be used on this type of pyramid? ______
  6. Between energy and nutrients, which one can be recycled? (p. 79) ______
  7. The movement of ______through the ecosystem occurs in one direction, while ______can move in cycles called ______cycles. (p. 79-80)
  8. What human activity will cause carbon dioxide (CO2) to be released to the atmosphere? (p. 80) ______
  9. Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to nitrogen compounds like nitrates & nitrites by ______ bacteria, while the ______bacteria convert nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas. (p. 84)
  10. A ______nutrient, when scarce or moves through a cycle very slowly, will cause the primary productivity to decrease. (p. 85)

Chapter 4

  1. Living components of an ecosystem are called ______factors, while non-living components are called ______factors. (p. 66 or notes)
  2. Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of ______& ______factors. (p. 66) Give an example of a biotic factor in pond ecosystem: ______An abiotic factor in a pond ecosystem? ______
  3. The full range of physical & biological conditions in which an organism lives AND the way in which the organism uses those conditions are the organism’s ______. (p. 100)
  4. If several species occupy the same habitat, how can they reduce competition? (p. 101, Fig 4-7 ) ______
  5. A relationship in which 2 species live closely together is called ______(p. 103) What type of symbiotic relationship occurs in the following: (p. 103-104)
  6. When one organisms live on or inside another organism and causes harm? ______(p. 104)
  7. When both species benefit? ______(p. 103)
  8. One member benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped? ______(p. 104)
  9. A series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time that are caused by human disturbances or natural disasters is called ______(p. 106)
  10. List two types of succession & an example of each: (pg. 106-107) ______

Chapter 5

  1. A population may grow as a result of individuals moving into a range & is called ______, while it may decrease if individuals exit the range, which is known as ______. (p. 132)
  2. Label each of the population growth curves below. (p. 133-134)

Figure 5-4

  1. Figure 5-5
  1. In Figure 5-4 above, what segment(s) of the graph shows exponential growth? ______Which segment(s) show the effects of limiting factors on the population? ______Which segment(s) of the graph show that carrying capacity has been reached? ______Birthrate equals death rate? ______
  1. The maximum # of individuals of a species that can be supported by an environment is called the ______. (p. 135) What happens to birth & death rates of a population that exceeds this?______
  2. A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a ______-______limiting factor & examples include ______, ______, ______and ______. (p. 138)
  3. Limiting factors that affect all populations regardless of size are called ______-______. (p. 140) Examples include______, ______, ______(p. 140)
  4. The study of human populations is called ______. (p. 142) What event caused the human population to experience exponential growth? ______(p. 143, Fig. 5-11)

Chapter 6

  1. Resources that can regenerate if they are alive or can be replenished by natural processes are called ______resources. Examples include ______& ______(p. 157) Resources that cannot be replenished by natural processes are called ______resources. Examples include ______& ______. (p. 157)
  2. Certain pollutants in smog, specifically nitrogen and sulfur compounds, combine with water to form ______. (p. 164 )
  3. The sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere is called ______(p. 166) and it is threatened by ______, ______, & ______(p. 168-170)
  4. The pesticide DDT has two properties that make it hazardous. First, it is ______, or cannot be broken down by metabolic processes in bacteria, plants, or animals (p. 161). Second, when it is picked up by organisms, it is not eliminated resulting in DDT becoming concentrated at higher trophic levels. This is called ______. (p. 161) In the figure below, which organism would have the lowest concentration of DDT? ______the highest? ______(p. 161)

  1. A species that enters an environment where it has not lived before is called an ______/______species often reproduce rapidly. Give an examples: ______, ______(pg. 169)
  2. Many habitats & species that are at high risk of extinction are located in areas known as ______(p. 171)
  3. Ozone is a gas made up of three ______atoms. The major cause of ozone depletion is ______(p. 175)
  4. What activities release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and may lead to global warming? ______& ______(p. 177)

Chapter 11:

  1. If true-breeding tall plants are crossed with true-breeding short plants, what is the phenotype of the F1 offspring? (p. 311)______Why were there no short plants? (p. 312) ______Which of Mendel’s principles support this? (p. 312) ______
  2. Chemical factors that determine traits are called ______. (p. 310)
  3. Physical characteristics of an organism’s trait are described as their ______while the genetic makeup of an organism’s trait is their ______. (p. 315)
  4. When an organism has two identical alleles for a trait, they are said to be ______, while having two different alleles is said to be ______. (p. 314)
  5. With Mendel’s 2-factor cross (dihybrid) of two true-breeding plants, what was the phenotype ratio when the F1 generation were allowed to crosses with each other? (p. 317) ______
  6. Which of Mendel’s principles states that during gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing each other’s inheritance?______(page 317)
  7. Incomplete dominance is a case in which one ______is not completely dominant over another creating a heterozygous phenotype that is somewhere between the 2 homozygous phenotypes (p. 319) Example: red flower crossed with white flower produces ______flowers.
  8. In codominance, a white-feathered chicken is crossed with a black-feathered chicken. What feather color with the heterozygous chickens have? (p. 319) ______
  9. In order to maintain the chromosome number of an organism, the gametes must be produced by what process?(p. 324) ______The purpose of meiosis is to produce (haploid/diploid) gamete or sex cells.
  1. What process does the diagram above represent? ______(p. 324)

Chapter 14:

  1. What does the figure below represent? (p. 392) ______

  1. How many chromosomes does a normal human karyotype have? (p. 393) ______
  2. Can you tell the person’s gender by looking at a karyotype? ______The pairs of chromosomes shown on a karyotype are called ______chromosomes. Pairs 1-22 are called the ______while pair #23 are called the ______chromosomes. (p. 393)
  3. What is the genotype of a human male? XX, XY, YY Genotype of a female? XX, XY, YY
  4. Of the sperm produced by meiosis, about how many will carry the X chromosome? (p. 393) ______the Y chromosome? ______
  5. A chart that traces inheritance of a trait in a family is called a(n) ______(p. 397) Circles represent ______& squares represent ______.
  6. The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family. Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f). What is the genotype of individual #2? ______What are the genotypes of # 8? _____ #9? ______

  1. What human trait is determined by multiple alleles? (p. 394) ______
  2. Most sex-linked genes are found on the _____ chromosome (p. 395). What is the genotype of a colorblind male? ______Colorblind female? ______(Ch 14 notes/worksheets)
  3. The Barr body inactivates one ____ chromosome in females/males. This X-chromsomsome inactivation was discovered by ______.(p. 396)
  4. The most common error in meiosis, pictured below, called ______occurs when homologous chromosome fail to separate (p. 401).

Chapter 16:

  1. Who most contributed to our understanding of evolution? (p. 450)______Darwin noticed that organisms seemed well suited to ______(p. 451 Key Point)
  2. Among the finches, what structural adaptation differed the most among the birds? (p. 472, Fig 16-17)______Because the finches had many similar physical characteristics, Darwin believed that they descended from a ______. (p. 471 last sentence.)
  3. What 2 geologists suggested to Darwin that the Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred? ______& ______(p. 454-455)
  4. Lamarck suggested that organism could change during their lifetime by ______. (Key Point, p 456)
  5. Who proposed a theory of evolution by means of selective use and disuse? (p. 456) ______Can an acquired trait be passed onto an organism’s offspring? (p. 456)______What was the name of Darwin’s book & when was it first published? (p. 379)______
  6. When breeders or farmers select the desired traits that already exist and breed only those organisms, it is called ______(p. 457-458).
  7. While the ability to survive and reproduce is known as ______, an ______is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chances of survival. (p. 461)
  8. The process in which results in the change of inherited characteristics of a population is known as ______, or survival of the ______. (p. 463)
  9. The fossil record shows a similarity between the bone structure of ancient organisms and modern-day organisms. How would Darwin apply this to his theory of evolution? (p. 453) ______
  1. What type of structure (as seen in the diagram below) has different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue? (p. 468) ______
  1. How are homologous structures relevant to Darwin’s theory of evolution? ______(P. 468, Key Point)
  2. What does the pelvis & femur represent in the whale’s skeleton in the picture below? (p. 469) ______.
  1. An organ that serves no useful function and reduced in size is called a ______organ. (p. 469) How does this relate to Darwin’s theory of evolution? ______
  2. Modern evidence for evolution by natural selection is supported by the universal ______and homologous molecules. (Key Point , p. 470)
  3. Genes that control early embryonic development are called ______(p. 382)

Chapter 17:

  1. The ______consists of all of the genes present in a population. (p. 483)
  2. Three sources of genetic variation are ______, ______, & ______. (p. 484, Key Point)
  3. Natural selection acts directly on an organism’s physical characteristics or ______. (p. 485,483)
  4. Genetic recombination by sexual reproduction is a result of what two processes? ______& ______(p. 484)
  5. Single-gene traits result in ____ phenotypes (p. 485, Fig 17-4) while polygenic traits result in ______phenotypes. 9p. 486)
  6. What kind of selection is pictured below & name the part of the curve that are the best fit: (p. 489)

______

  1. When allele frequencies in a population occur due to chance, this random change is called ______. (p. 490)
  1. The separation of species by physical barriers like the Grand Canyon is called ______(p. 495), & when two species reproduce at different times, this situation is known as ______(p. 495)
  2. What must occur in order for two separate species to form from an original population? ______(p. 494 Key Point)

Chapter 19-3:

  1. The first organisms thought to have evolved on Earth were thought to be anaerobic ______and were found in microscopic fossils called ______. (p. 555)
  2. The ______theory proposed that eukaryotic cells evolved from living communities of ______organisms. (p. 556) Aerobic bacteria were thought to have evolved into the ______(organelle) and photosynthetic bacteria were thought to have evolved into ______(organelle). (P. 557, Fig 19-18) The endosymbiotic theory also explains why ______found in the mitochondrion & chloroplasts resembles that of bacterial genetic information. (p. 557)

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