Biology EOC Review Packet—Mrs. Geist

Biology EOC Review Packet—Mrs. Geist

Goal 1: Scientific Inquiry

  1. Independent variable-
  2. Graphed on the __-axis
  3. Dependent variable-
  4. Graphed on the __-axis
  5. What kind of care must be taken when working with bacteria?
  6. Why must care be used when working with bacteria?
  7. What are the issues surrounding the use of animals for research?

Goal 2: Cellular Basis of Life

Macromolecule / Function / Subunits / Examples
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Nutrient / Type of Test / Negative Test / Positive Test
Starch
Lipids
Mono-saccharides
Protein
Cell Part / Structure Description / Function
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes

** Look over plant and animal cell diagrams.** (See Figure 7.14 on p. 186)

  1. Put the following steps for making a wet mount slide in order.
  2. Once the object is located, without moving the adjustment, change to medium power
  3. Put the tissue on the slide
  4. Switch to high power and bring the object into clear focus again.
  5. Add a coverslip
  6. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope
  7. Add a drop of water
  8. Try to locate the object using low power and coarse adjustment
  9. Use fine adjustment to bring the object into clear focus.
  10. __ 2) __ 3) __ 4) __ 5) __ 6) __ 7) __ 8) __
  11. How do you determine total magnification for a microscope? (Assume the eyepiece lens magnifies 10x and the objective lens magnifies 40x)
  12. Draw how the letter “e”would look as view through a microscope?
  13. Put the following in order from largest to smallest: Organ systems, Cells, Organs, Tissues
  14. 1) ______2) ______3) ______4) ______
  15. Below area variety of cells from the human body.Label these cells (red blood cell, sperm cell, white blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell).
  16. Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible? What organelleis very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement?
  17. Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell?
  18. Which cell is involved in the immune system?
  19. Which cell helps in movement of bones? What happens in these cells to make that movement possible?
  20. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages? What is the direction of these messages? How do the messages get from one cell to the next?

  1. Hormones:What structures produce hormones?
  2. How do hormones travel throughout a body?
  3. What is the function of hormones?
  4. What is a feedback mechanism?
  1. Explain what has happened in the diagram tothe right.
  2. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?
  3. How is the semipermeable membrane like a cellmembrane?
  4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is thestarch concentration greatest (left or right)?
  5. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?
  6. ln osmosis, water moves from an area of _____ to an area of ____ concentration.
  7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?
  8. What is osmotic pressure?
  9. Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:
  10. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.
  11. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

Passive Transport / Active Transport
Requires energy?
Direction?
examples
  1. Energy- (Chapter 9.1)Look at Figure 9.2 on p. 223 in your textbook.
  2. What does ATP and ADP stand for?
  3. What cellular process produces ATP?
  4. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.
  5. How is ATP regenerated?
  6. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration: (See Chapter 9.2 & 9.3) What is the equation for photosynthesis?
  1. Which organisms carry out photosynthesis?
  2. What factors could speed up (or slow down) this process?
  1. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
  1. Which organisms carry out cellular respiration?
  2. What factors could speed up (or slow down) this process?
  1. What is fermentation?
  2. What are the products of lactic acid fermentation?
  3. What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
  4. Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy?
  5. Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)?
  6. Which reaction releases the most energy?
  7. What is chlorophyll? Which reaction requires chlorophyll?
  8. Which reaction requires light?
  9. Enzymes:What is the function of enzymes in biological systems? Why arc they necessary fur all biochemicalreactions?
  10. Explain why enzymes can be reused over and over again.
  11. Why is there only one kind of enzyme for each biochemical reaction?
  12. How do extreme pH and extreme temperature affect enzymes?
  13. Explain the lock-and-key model of enzymes and substrates.

Goal 3: Continuity of Life & Changes of Organisms Over Time

RNA / DNA
Sugars
Bases
Strands
Where?
Function
  1. What is DNA replication? Where does it occur?
  2. What is transcription? Where does it occur?
  3. What is translation? Where does it occur?
  4. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
  5. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  6. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  7. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  8. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together? Why is it important that these bonds be weak?
  9. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?
  10. How does this affect the mRNA?
  11. How does this affect translation?
  12. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?

DNA: / TCA GGT CGT TGA TTT CAT ATG AAT GTG CCT
mRNA:
Amino acid:
  1. Look at the cell cycle diagram (Figure 8.11 on p. 206).
  2. When does the duplication of DNA occur? What is this phase called?
  3. What do G1 and G2 represent?
  4. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)?

Mitosis (8.2) / Meiosis (10.2)
Asexual or sexual?
Chromosome # of mother cell?
Chromosome # of daughter cells?
# of cell divisions?
# of cells produced?
When does replication happen?
Sources of variation

30. Look at the stages of mitosis in Figure 8.13. Be able to put the stages of mitosis (cell divison) in order.

T / t
T / TT / Tt
T / Tt / tt
  1. In the Punnett square above, T= tall and t=short. Give the genotype for the parents.
  2. Give the phenotype for the parents.
  3. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
  4. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
  5. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
  6. What environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain.
  7. Some genes produce intermediate phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring
  1. Explain the inheritance of the following disorders: (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked dominant, or sex-linked recessive?)
  2. Sickle cell anemia
  3. Cystic fibrosis
  4. Huntington Disease
  5. Blood type: If a woman with type A blood has a child with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are IA, IB, and i).
  6. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?
  7. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?
  8. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood?
  1. A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father. Explain.
  2. Polygenic traits: Some traits are considered to be polygenic. What does this mean?
  3. Ex: hair color
  4. Sex Chromosomes:
  5. What are the male sex chromosomes in humans?
  6. What are the female sex chromosomes in humans?
  7. Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosomes are theses genes found on?
  8. Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder?
  9. Sex-linked traits: Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male. (Xh= hemophilia, XH= normal, Y)
  10. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia?
  11. What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia?
  12. What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia?
  13. Karyotype: What is the gender of the person whose karyotype is shown below?
  14. What is the disorder that this person has? What is your evidence?
  15. What are some of the characteristics of this disorder?
  1. Pedigree: What is the inheritance pattern shown by the pedigree to the left? How do you know?
  2. Using the alleles A and A, what is the genotype of person II-6?
  3. What is the genotype of person III-1?
  1. Test Cross: Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait. Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.
  1. A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations

F1F2

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Biology EOC Review Packet—Mrs. Geist

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Biology EOC Review Packet—Mrs. Geist

  1. Mendels’s Laws:
  2. Law of segregation
  1. Law of independent assortment
  1. Human Genome Project-
  2. Goals of the human genome project:
  3. How will the human genome project be useful in determining whether individuals may carry genes for genetic conditions?
  4. How will the human genome project
  5. Transgenic Organisms- (see the recombinant DNA diagram below) organisms that contain DNA from another organism
  6. What is the value of this technology?
  7. What are some applications of this type of technology?
  8. This process can be used to make GMO’s—genetically modified organisms. What are some of the ethical issues surrounding this technology?

  1. Stem Cells: (a) definition: cells that have the potential to become many types of different cells.

(b) potential benefits:

(c) ethical issues:

  1. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: Describe the four parts of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

A.

B.

C.

D.

  1. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a pesticide) using the steps listed above.
  1. What are the differences between abiogenesis and biogenesis?
  2. Explain Oparin & Haldane’s hypothesis.
  3. Why did Miller & Urey put those particular gases into their experiment?
  4. What type of organic molecules did they find?
  5. What is the significance of their experiments?
  6. Most hypotheses state that prokaryotic anaerobes probably evolved first. Why?
  7. The hypotheses then suggest that prokaryotic autotrophs probably evolved. Why?
  8. What would enter the atmosphere as a result of these autotrophs appearing?
  9. Then prokaryotic aerobic heterotrophs could evolve. What can these cells do that others before them cannot?
  10. Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

Goal 4: Unity & Diversity of Life

  1. Explain how the organization of the kingdoms and domains has changed over time.
  2. What is the current accepted kingdom-domain system?
  3. What is the current eight-level classification system?
  4. What is binomial nomenclature?
  5. How are DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms?

Phylogenetic Trees:

  1. To the right is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related?
  1. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?
  1. Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to?

Kingdom / Prokaryote or Eukaryote? / Cell Wall? / Mode of Nutrition? / Unicellular or Multicellular? / Sexual or Asexual?
Archaea
Bacteria
Protist
Fungi
Plants
Animals

Use the following key to identify the tree branch below.

1. a. leaf is needle-like……….…go to 2

b. leaf is broad………………..go to 5

2.a. needles are short…………...go to 3

b. needles are long……………go to 4

3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock

b. underside of needles silver…balsam

4. a. 3 needles in bundle…………pitch pine

b. 5 needles in bundle…………white pine

5.a. edge of leaf round…………..go to 6

b. edge of leaf serrated……..…go to 7

6.a. minty odor……………..…..wintergreen

b. no minty odor………………laurel

List the key characteristics of the following groups of organisms.

Protists / Annelids / Insects / Amphibians / Mammals
Plant Type / Vascular Tissue? / Seeds? / Flowers?
Bryophyte
Pteridophyte
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm

Stamenreceptaclestigmaovarycarpelanther

Stylefilamentovulecorkbarkpith

Cortexcambiumphloemxylemepidermis

Prokaryotic / Eukaryotic
Membrane-bound organelles
Ribosomes
Types of chromosomes
Size

Goal 5: Ecological Relationships

Relationship / Definition / Example
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

Predator-Prey Relationships

In the graph to the right, which organism is the prey?

Which is the predator?

Which population increases first and why?

Which population increases second and why?

Biotic and abiotic factors:

List at least 3 biotic factors.

List at least 3 abiotic factors.

Provide an example of how biotic and abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect carrying capacity.

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