Biology – Bellwork
Nature of Science
1. Chemicals that are flammable should not be around fire/flames
2. The first thing to do if something goes wrong in lab tell the teacher
3. Things not to wear in the lab loose clothing, loose jewelry, open-toed shoes
4. Things to wear in the lab safety goggles, safety gloves, aprons
5. When using dissection equipment cut away from yourself and others
6. Instrument used to measure mass balance
7. Beakers, pipettes & graduated cylinders measure volume
8. Scientific Method process scientists use to study the natural world
9. Steps of scientific inquiry observation, problem, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion
10. A testable, possible explanation for a set of observations hypothesis
11. A well-tested explanation unifying a broad range of theory
observations and experimentation. (can be modified)
12. The manipulated variable (plotted on X-axis) independent variable (only one in controlled experiment)
13. The responding variable (plotted on Y-axis) dependent variable
14. Group used as a comparison (does not have exp. variable) control group
15. Factor that is kept the same for all groups in an experiment constant, controlled variable
16. An inactive substance used as a control placebo
17. Information collected from the experiment to be interpreted data
18. Qualitative data descriptive and verbal in nature
19. Quantitative data expressed as numbers and include counts/measurements
20. Type of graph that shows percentages pie graph/chart
21. Disadvantage of light microscopes cannot view tiny cell parts, molecules
22. Disadvantage of electron microscopes cannot view living things
23. Which power gives a wider field of view? low power
24. Adjusts the amount of light in a microscope diaphragm
25. Total magnification for a 10X ocular and 40X objective 400X
26. Unit of measurement for length of organelles micrometers (1/1000 mm)
Biochemical Basis of Life
1. A pure substance made up of only one type of atom element
2. Number of protons in the atom of an element atomic number
3. Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus atomic mass
4. Combination of two or more elements in definite amounts compound
5. Atom that has gained an electron negatively charged ion
6. Atom that has lost an electron positively charged ion
7. Type of bond in which electrons are shared covalent
8. Type of bond in which electrons are transferred (ions form) ionic
9. Carbon forms this type of bond with other carbon atoms covalent
10. NaCl (table salt) is formed with this type of bond ionic
11. Outermost electrons involved in chemical bonding valence
12. Molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends polar (water molecule)
13. Bond formed when polar molecules are attracted to another hydrogen (weak bond)
14. Attraction between molecules of the same substance cohesion
15. Attraction between molecules of different substances adhesion
16. Mixture in which molecules are evenly distributed solution
17. The substance that dissolves the solute solvent
18. Measurement of concentration of H+ ions in solution pH scale ( 0 – 14)
19. The pH of a neutral solution (pure water) 7
20. The pH of an acid less than 7
21. The pH of a base greater than 7
22. The pH of a strong acid closer to zero (1-2)
23. The pH of a strong base closer to 14 (12–13)
24. The pH of a weak acid closer to 7 on acid side (5-6)
25. The pH of a weak base closer to 7 on basic side (8-9)
26. Compound that contains carbon atoms that have combined organic (living)
27. Compound with no combination of carbon atoms inorganic (nonliving)
28. 4 major groups of organic compounds carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
29. Sugars and their polymers (short term energy storage) carbohydrates
30. Simple sugar / monomer of a polysaccharide monosaccharide
31. Polysaccharide that forms cell walls in plants cellulose
32. Polysaccharide that stores energy in plants starch
33. Includes fats, waxes, sterols, (long term energy storage) lipids
34. Two components of fats glycerol and fatty acids
35. Used for construction materials and chemical reactions proteins
36. Monomer that makes up the protein polymer amino acids
37. Proteins (usually) that speed up chemical reactions enzymes
38. Reactants in an enzyme catalyzed reaction substrates
39. Location on an enzyme where substrate attaches active site
40. Contains genetic information nucleic acids
41. Monomers that makes up the nucleic acid polymer nucleotides
42. The three parts of a nucleotide 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
Cells I
1. Smallest unit that is alive and can carry out life processes cell
2. Location of DNA in a prokaryotic cell (bacteria) cytoplasm
3. Location of DNA in a eukaryotic cell (plants, animals) nucleus
4. Specialized compartments in the cell with specific functions organelles
5. Watery substance the fills the space inside the cell cytoplasm (cytosol)
6. Control’s the cell’s activities nucleus
7. Structure within the nucleus made of DNA & proteins chromosome
8. Control’s what enters and leaves the cell cell membrane
9. The core of the cell membrane is made of this phospholipid bilayer
10. Rigid structure outside the cell membrane (plants) cell wall (protects, supports)
11. Storage organelle (food, water, wastes, pigments) vacuole
12. Make proteins ribosomes
13. Processes and stores proteins Golgi body
14. Vacuole that pumps out excess water contractile vacuole
15. Internal membrane system moves compounds through cell endoplasmic reticulum
16. Internal membrane system that has ribosomes attached rough endoplasmic reticulum
17. Makes energy (ATP) for the cell mitochondrion
18. Has enzymes that digest wastes and old organelles lysosome
19. Organelle used in cell division only in animal cells centrioles
20. Traps sunlight to make food for plants (photosynthesis) chloroplast
21. Network of protein filaments for movement & support cytoskeleton
22. Whip-like structure on some cells used for movement flagellum
23. Cell structures found in plant cells but not animal chloroplast, cell wall, large central vacuole
24. Group of similar cells working together tissue (smooth muscle, nervous, blood, etc.)
25. Group of tissues working together organ (stomach, heart, lungs, etc.)
26. Property of cell membranes that allows some materials selectively permeable / semipermeable
to pass through
27. Movement of molecules from high to low concentration diffusion / passive transport (No ATP)
28. When substances are at unequal concentrations on concentration gradient
either side of a membrane
29. Diffusion of water osmosis
30. Diffusion that requires a carrier protein facilitated diffusion
31. Movement of molecules from low to high concentration active transport (requires ATP)
32. Solution containing a higher concentration of solutes hypertonic
33. Solution containing a lower concentration of solutes hypotonic
34. State when concentrations are equal on both sides equilibrium
35. When large compounds are brought into the cell endocytosis
36. When large compounds are exported out of the cell exocytosis
Cells II
1. Process by which organisms used energy from sunlight photosynthesis
to make their own food (glucose – simple sugar)
2. Green pigment found in chloroplasts chlorophyll
3. Steps of photosynthesis light dependent, light independent (Calvin Cycle)
4. Reactants of photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water
5. Products of photosynthesis glucose and oxygen
6. Chemical equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
7. Process that breaks down glucose in order to make cellular respiration
energy for an organism
8. Compound that stores energy in an organism ATP
9. Makes up the ATP molecule adenine, ribose (sugar), and 3 phosphate groups
10. Part of ATP that breaks off to release energy the third phosphate group
11. Organelle that does cellular respiration mitochondrion
12. Aerobic respiration requires this substance oxygen
13. The 3 steps in aerobic respiration glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport
14. This follows glycolysis if oxygen is NOT present fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
15. Reactants of cellular respiration glucose and oxygen
16. Products of cellular respiration carbon dioxide, water, ATP
17. Chemical equation for respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
18. DNA strands in the nucleus that contain the directions chromosomes
on how to make and keep and organism alive
19. Having 2 of each type of chromosome (2 sets) diploid
20. Two of the same type of chromosome homologous chromosomes
21. Number of chromosomes in normal human cells 46 (23 pair)
22. Phases in the life of a cell cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M)
23. Division of the cell into 2 identical diploid cells mitosis (M phase)
24. Phase of mitosis in which chromosome condense prophase
25. Phase of mitosis in which chromosomes line up in middle metaphase
26. Phase of mitosis in which chromosomes separate anaphase
27. Phase of mitosis in which daughter cells are formed telophase
28. The division of the cytoplasm cytokinesis
29. Having 1 of each type of chromosome (1 set) haploid
30. Chromosomes that do not determine gender autosomes
31. Chromosomes that determine gender sex chromosomes (F = XX, M = XY)
32. Cell division that produces 4 genetically different meiosis
haploid cells (gametes)
33. The phase of meiosis in which crossing over occurs prophase I
34. The phase of meiosis when homologous chromosomes metaphase I
line up in the middle
35. The phase of meiosis when homologous chromosomes anaphase I
separate
36. The phase of meiosis when sister chromatids separate anaphase II
37. Number of chromosomes in a normal human gamete 23
38. Process in which sperm and egg combine to form a zygote fertilization
39. An advantage of sexual reproduction increase in genetic diversity
40. An advantage of asexual reproduction ability to reproduce quickly
Genetics
1. The sugar in DNA deoxyribose
2. The sugar in RNA ribose
3. The nitrogenous base in DNA but not in RNA thymine
4. The nitrogenous base in RNA but not in DNA uracil
5. Molecule shaped like a double helix or twisted ladder DNA
6. Process by which DNA copies itself and each new DNA semi-conservative replication
is made up of one old strand and one new strand
7. Part of DNA that is the “genetic code” sequence of bases
8. Sequence of DNA that codes for a trait gene
9. A copy of DNA that goes into the cytoplasm to make RNA
a protein
10. Single stranded molecule complementary to DNA RNA
11. Site of protein synthesis (translation) ribosome
12. Three types of RNA needed to make a protein mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
13. Process where DNA is copied to make RNA transcription
14. Process where RNA attaches to the ribosome and translation
directs the making of a protein
15. Three bases on an mRNA that codes for an amino acid codon
16. Three bases on a tRNA that is complementary to the codon anticodon
17. A change in a gene or chromosome mutation
18. Mutations that occur in body cells affect the organism that carries it
19. Mutations that occur in sex cells can be passed on to offspring
20. Type of mutation that reduces and organisms chance harmful
for reproduction or survival
21. Type of mutation that improves an organism’s survival helpful
22. Type of mutation that does not produce obvious changes neutral
23. Type of mutation the results in immediate death lethal
24. A factor in the environment that can cause a mutation mutagen (UV radiation, chemicals)
25. The study of heredity genetics
26. The offspring of the P generation F1
27. The offspring of the F1 generation F2
28. The number of genes humans have for each trait 2
29. When 2 genes are alike for a trait homozygous (purebred)
30. When 2 genes are different for a trait heterozygous (hybrid)
31. The 2 genes we have for each trait get separated from Law of Segregation
each other when egg and sperm cells are made
32. The gene for one trait is inherited independently of the Law of Independent Assortment
of the genes for other traits
33. Charts used to show the possible gene combinations Punnett Squares
in a cross between 2 organisms
34. An organism’s appearance / physical characteristics phenotype
35. Genetic makeup of an organism genotype
36. When 3 or more alleles exist for a single gene multiple alleles (ABO bloodtyping)
37. When 2 dominant genes are both expressed in the organism codominance (AB blood type)
38. When 2 dominant genes are expressed and blended incomplete dominance (pink flower)
39. A trait that is found on the X chromosome sex-linked / X-linked (primarily affects males)
40. A trait that is controlled by more than one pair of genes polygenic trait (skin color)
41. A diagram used to trace a trait through a family pedigree
42. Ordered display of an individual’s chromosomes by size karyotype
43. A person has an extra 21st chromosome trisomy (Down’s Syndrome)
44. When homologous chromosomes fail to separate nondisjuction (too many or not enough in gametes)
45. Enzymes that cut DNA into fragments restriction enzymes
46. DNA fragments are separated based on size gel electrophoresis
47. DNA fingerprinting involves this technique gel electrophoresis
48. Producing genetically identical organisms from a single cell cloning
Evolution
1. Change in a species over time evolution
2. Chemical changes that occurred in the early earth that chemical evolution
gave rise to the first forms of life
3. The modification of living organisms during their descent organic evolution
from common ancestors
4. Authored the theory of evolution through natural selection Charles Darwin
5. Organisms with traits well-suited to an environment are natural selection (survival of the fittest)
most likely to survive and reproduce
6. Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits artificial selection
7. Organisms become very different from each other as they biodiversity
evolve and become better suited to the environment
8. Structures and behaviors that organisms have evolved in adaptations
order to survive better in their environments
9. Information about all know fossils fossil record
10. When the bodies of different organisms are compared comparative anatomy