LectureTest42010
Biology 315: Lecture Test 4, Spring 2010
Directions: This is a multiple-choice test with only one correct answer per question. Please write your answers on the answer sheet provided. Do not write your lab time, just your name.
D. 1. Gross anatomy of the kidney: A renal pyramid occupies what part of the kidney?
A. sinus
B. pelvis
C. hilum
D. medulla
E. cortex
B. 2. In a nephron, where does the most reabsorbtion of sodium ions occur?
A. renal corpuscle
B. proximal tubule
C. collecting tubule
D. thin segment
E. distal tubule
C. 3. This year Dr. Mallatt told you about new evidence for one part of the renal filtration barrier being the main filter for holding back proteins. What is this part?
A. endothelial pores in glomerulus capillary
B. basal lamina
C. filtration-slit diaphragms
D. plasmalemma of the podocytes
E. a network of actin filaments in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells.
A. 4. From what blood vessels come the molecules that are secreted into the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney?
A. peritubular capillaries
B. the capillaries of the glomerulus
C. vasa recta
D. renal veins
E. efferent arterioles from glomeruli
D. 5. Comparing proximal and distal convoluted tubules: Choose the FALSE statement.
A. Both are only in the renal cortex and are absent from the medulla.
B. The cells of both tubules resemble tree trunks with tree roots, because their basal and lateral plasma membranes are abundant and folded.
C. Proximal–tubule cells stain a darker pink (with eosin) than do cells of distal tubules.
D. Distal-tubule cells have a larger volume of mitochondria.
E. Proximal-tubule cells have longer microvilli.
B. 6. What stratified epithelium is specialized to stretch, so it thins out and some of its cells flatten?
A. epithelium of the uterine tube, when the growing embryo pushes along through this tube
B. epithelium of the ureter, when the ureter stretches with pulses of urine
C. epithelium of the uterus, when the uterus fills with the growing fetus
D. epithelium of the duct of the epididymis, when this duct fills with sperm
E. epithelium of the glomeruli, when more blood is pumped into these kidney vessels
E. 7. A hospitalized man got a urinary tract infection from a non-sterile catheter that was placed in his penile urethra to drain urine from his bladder. The infection was not detected, so it spread far. Trace the path of its spread through the urinary system, in the correct order.
A. ureter to kidney to bladder to calices to adrenal gland
B. urethra to ureter to bladder to kidney to calices
C. bladder to urethra to calices to kidney
D. kidney to calices to ureter to bladder to urethra
E. urethra to bladder to ureter to calices to kidney
D. 8. Choose the parts of the uriniferous tubule, in order, from where the filtrate first forms to where it enters the minor calyx as urine.
A. renal corpuscle to loop of the nephron to proximal tubule to distal tubule to collecting duct.
B. proximal tubule to distal tubule to glomerular capsule to loop of the nephon to collecting duct.
C. collecting duct to distal tubule to loop of the nephron to proximal tubule to renal corpuscle.
D. glomerular capsule to proximal tubule to loop of the nephron to distal tubule to collecting duct.
E. loop of the nephron to proximal tubule to distal tubule to glomerular capsule to collecting duct.
E. 9. Which of these cells are targeted by antidiuretic hormone, the hormone that helps our kidneys to conserve water when we are dehydrated?
A. proximal convoluted tubule cells, so they reabsorb more water from the renal filtrate.
B. smooth-muscle cells that constrict the afferent arterioles to the glomerulus, so less blood reaches the glomeruli and less filtrate is formed.
C. Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, so they can receive more water from the surrounding tissue fluid.
D. thin segment of the loop of the nephron, so it pumps more sodium and chloride ions into the tissue fluid of the renal medulla.
E. cells of the collecting ducts, so they become more permeable to the water in the urine that is flowing within these ducts.
A. 10. In an x-ray image called a pyelogram, how can you confirm that you are seeing a ureter that has been filled with contrast medium?
A. It descends vertically through the abdomen, in the same sagittal plane as the tips of the transverse proceses of the lumbar vertebrae.
B. The ureter descends from the neck of the bladder down to just below the pubic bone.
C. All of the ureter is in the abdomen, none of it is in the pelvis of the body.
D. Superiorly, the ureter exits the kidney at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra.
E. All of the above.
B. 11. A clinical test reveals that a boy’s right kidney is located in his pelvis rather than in his posterior abdominal wall. What does this likely mean?
A. This kidney is not functional, and it does not produce urine.
B. This kidney failed to ascend from its original, embryonic location, and it functions normally.
C. This kidney descended too far from its place of origin, which was in the upper abdomen.
D. The boy will not go through puberty and will be sterile.
E. This kidney is more likely to push out into the inguinal region as a hernia, bulging the skin above the front of the thigh.
C. 12. What structure lies anterior to the urinary bladder in the pelvis?
A. vagina (female) or seminal vesicles (male)
B. rectum
C. pubic symphysis
D. round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)
E. sacrum
C. 13. How does a surgeon identify the ductus deferens in the upper scrotum, in order to cut it in a vasectomy?
A. The surgeon cuts vessels in the spermatic cord until finding a hollow one that does not bleed.
B. It is the only twisty tube in the spermatic cord.
C. Feels for its thick, muscular walls that make it feel hard, like a wire.
D. Nicks the best candidate and then uses ultraviolet light on the fluid that leaks out, to identify if this is semen.
E. Injects dye into the urethra, so that it will flow back into the ductus deferens and color that duct.
D. 14. Which of these is NOT part of the spermatic cord?
A. testicular artery
B. nerves to the testes
C. ductus deferens
D. seminal vesicle
E. countercurrent heat exchanger
A. 15. Which of these germ cells in the wall of the seminiferous tubule lie outside the blood-testes barrier (external to it), and are therefore not protected by this barrier?
A. spermatogonia
B. spermatocytes after the first meiotic division
C. early spermatids
D. sperm (spermatozoa)
E. late spermatids
D. 16. Choose the correct statement about the interstitial cells of Leydig.
A. They are part of the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.
B. They form the blood-testis barrier.
C. They secrete testicular fluid.
D. They are endocrine-gland cells.
E. They secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) in response to FSH from the anterior pituitary.
C. 17. All these things happen when an early spermatid changes into a late spermatid, except: That is, choose the thing that does NOT happen.
A. lots of cytoplasm is shed.
B. a flagellum (long cilium) grows to become the sperm tail.
C. in this stage, the cell gains its ability to swim, so sperm can reach and fertilize an oocyte.
D. the acrosome appears.
E. the chromatin in the nucleus condenses, so the nucleus takes on the shape of a sunflower seed.
A. 18. Male secretions: Choose the correct statement.
A. A logical name for the secretion product of the bulbourethral glands would be the “pre-ejaculate.”
B. The duct of the epididymis secretes substances that cause ejaculated semen to clot.
C. Most of the fructose sugar in semen comes from the prostate gland.
D. The prostate gland’s secretions are so abundant that they make up most of the volume of the semen (ejaculate).
E. The seminal vesicle is an unusual sex gland, because it (unexpectedly) does not secrete during ejaculation, but several minutes afterward.
B. 19. A blood sample reveals that a patient has high levels of “PSA.” What does this mean?
A. A distressed patient’s panic attack after orgasm is finally calming down, as the sympathetic response is followed by parasympathetic activity (PSA = Parasympathetic activity).
B. A man may have prostate cancer.
C. A person could have hot flashes before her menstrual phase.
D. The woman is pregnant; this is the pregnancy test.
E. The woman will produce milk soon so her hungry newborn does not have too long to wait for its first meal.
B. 20. What is the mechanism of erection of the penis in men?
A. Sympathetic input signals erectile bodies to dilate, which actively sucks in blood from the arteries that supply these bodies.
B. Parasympathetic input signals the arteries to the erectile bodies to dilate.
C. A hinged bone (os penis) straightens out, like the opening of a jackknife.
D. The penile urethra takes in air to inflate the whole penis.
E. The first wave of ejaculating semen fills up the spaces in the erectile bodies so these bodies swell and become stiff.
A. 21. Choose the correct association between the hollow organ and the epithelium that lines it.
A. uterine tube: simple columnar
B. glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule: stratified columnar
C. duct of the epididymis: simple squamous
D. simple columnar: vagina
E. stratified squamous: uterus
D. 22. What is the homologue in the male of the female clitoris?
A. scrotum
B. lumen of the spongy (penile) urethra
C. walls of the spongy (penile) urethra
D. penis
E. urethra
B. 23. What are stereocilia?
A. the glue-like material in the thyroid follicles
B. groups of long microvilli in the epididymis and ductus deferens
C. the cilia that line the uterine tube
D. that is the name of degenerating follicles that do not reach ovulation
E. abundant cilia on the proximal-convoluted tubule cells
A. 24. When the follicular cells in the ovarian follicles multiply, they are given a new name. That name is
A. granulosa cells
B. theca interna cells
C. theca externa cells
D. zona pellucida cells
E. oocytes
B. 25. What phase is experienced by the endometrium of the uterus during the time the growing follicles are secreting estrogens in the ovaries?
A. secretory phase
B. proliferative phase
C. menopausal phase
D. menstrual phase
E. resting phase
D. 26. Choose the FALSE statement about a corpus luteum.
A. It is present after ovulation, but not present right before ovulation.
B. It is made from theca and granulosa cells.
C. It is the remains of a big follicle, with no oocyte in it.
D. It is in the ovarian medulla, not in the cortex.
E. It secretes progesterone.
D. 27. When, in a female’s menstrual cycle, does ovulation typically occur?
A. Because it is a monthly cycle, ovulation occurs whenever the moon is full.
B. Day 1 (at the beginning)
C. Day 28 (at the end)
D. Day 14 (middle)
E. Varies so much from month to month that there is no specific time.
E. 28. Ovulation occurs directly into (= the ovulated oocyte goes first into) the . . .
A. infundibulum of the uterine tube
B. ampulla of the uterine tube
C. uterus
D. urethra
E. peritoneal cavity
E. 29. Use logic to deduce the most common cause of ectopic pregnancies in humans.
A. embryos working their way out of the uterine tube to develop in the peritoneal cavity.
B. conceving an embryo after a hysterectomy (no uterus).
C. new embryos travel too far inferiorly and implant in the vagina wall.
D. fertilization of the oocyte while it is still in the ovary.
E. Some twisting, scarring, or partial blockage of the uterine tube.
D. 30. The mucous membrane of the wall of the uterus is the
A. perimetrium
B. parametrium
C. myometrium
D. endometrium
E. mesometrium
A. 31. How much of the endometrium layer is shed during menstruation?
A. The inner 80% of the endometrium is shed.
B. Its full thickness is shed.
C. None is actually shed, because the menstrual flow is just blood leaking from tears in the otherwise-intact endometrium.
D. None, because the cramping musculature of the myometrium is what bleeds, not the endometrium.
E. Its full thickness, but only from the inferior fourth of the uterus (cervix).
D. 32. Female reproductive organs: Choose the FALSE statement.
A. The three parts of the broad ligament are mesometrium, mesovarium, and mesosalpinx.
B. The mesosalpinx is a part of the broad ligament.
C. The mesovarium is more horizontal and the mesometrium is more vertical, in orientation.
D. The mesometrium is the smallest part of the broad ligament.
E. The mesosalpinx is the mesentary of the uterine tube.
D. 33. In this course, what function did we propose for the cervical glands of the uterus?
A. Secrete products that make the sperm swim and fertilize even better (this is called capacitation of sperm).
B. Nourish the growing fetus.
C. Nourish the entering sperm.
D. Keep bacteria from the vagina out of the uterus.
E. To smooth and lubricate the passage of the baby through the cervix during childbirth.
A. 34. What is the name of the ring-shaped cleft around the inferior part of the cervix in the vagina?