Biology 30 Final Exam Review
Unit 1 – “Chemical Basis of Life” Unit Review
Chapter 2 – Chemistry of Life - all
Chapter 8 – From DNA to Proteins (sections 8.2 – 8.5)
Key concepts
- biochemistry
- atom
- element
- molecule
- compound
- chemical bonds (covalent, ionic, hydrogen bond)
- chemical reactions
- entropy
- reactants
- products
- anabolism
- catabolism
- exothermic & endothermic reaction
- photosynthesis / cellular respiration
- synthesis / decomposition reactions
- dehydration synthesis / hydrolysis
- macromolecules
- monomer / polymer
- organic chemistry
- carbohydrates
o monosaccharide / disaccharide / polysaccharide
o sub-unit (monomer) – single sugar (monosaccharide)
- lipids
o monoglyceride / diglyceride / triglyceride
o sub-unit (monomer) – glycerol and fatty acids
o saturated / unsaturated / polyunsaturated fats
o phospholipids
- proteins
o dipeptides / polypeptides
o peptide bond
o sub-unit (monomer) – amino acids
o enzymes (enzyme/substrate complex)
- nucleic acids
o DNA & RNA
o Sub-unit (monomer) – nucleotide (3 parts – 5 carbon sugar / nitrogenous base / phosphoric acid)
o 3 important processes – DNA Replication / Transcription / Translation
Unit 2 - “Cell Structure and Function” Unit Review
Chapter 3 – Cell Structure and Function – all
Chapter 4 – Cells and Energy – all
Key concepts:
- cell theory
- 6 main components of cell theory
- 2 type of cells – prokaryote and eukaryote
- cell components:
o cytoplasm
o cytosol
o plasma membrane (cell membrane)
o nucleus
o mitochondrion
o ribosomes
o endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
o golgi apparatus (or golgi complex or golgi bodies)
o lysosomes
o centrioles
o vacuole
o chloroplasts
o cell wall
- passive transport
o diffusion, osmosis
o solute/solvent
o isotonic / hypertonic / hypotonic condition
- active transport
o endocytosis
§ pinocytosis
§ phagocytosis
o exocytosis
- cellular respiration
o ADP/ATP cycle
o overall reaction
o mitochondrion
o glycolysis
o intermediate reaction
o Kreb’s cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
o electron transport system / chain
o pyruvic acid
o NAD+ / NADH, CoA / acetyl CoA
o 38 ATP
o fermentation
- photosynthesis
o choroplasts / thylakoid
o light reaction (or light-dependent reaction)
§ PS I and PS II
o dark reaction (or light-independent reaction or Calvin Cycle)
o NADP+ / NADPH
o ADP / ATP
Unit 3 - “Genetics” Unit Review
Chapter 5 – Cell Growth and Cell Division – (sections 5.1 & 5.2)
Chapter 6 – Meiosis and Mendel – all
Chapter 7 – Extending Mendelian Genetics – all
Key concepts:
- chromosomes
o chromosome structure (chromatid, centromere, sister chromatid)
o homologous chromosomes
o karyotype
o chromosome abnormalities – Turners, Kleinfelters, Down syndrome (trisomy 21), non-disjunction
o amniocentesis
- Cell Cycle
o IPMAT (interphase – G1 – S – G2 , prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase / cytokinesis)
o mitosis (PMAT)
o haploid (n), diploid (2n)
- meiosis
o meiosis I, II
o tetrad, crossing over
o gametes, zygote, fertilization
- Mendelian Genetics
o Gregor Mendel
o alleles
o dominant, recessive
o genotype, phenotype, phenotypic & genotypic ratio
o homozygote, heterozygote
o monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross
o Punnett square
o pedigree charts
- multiple alleles (ABO blood groups)
- incomplete dominance, co-dominance
- sex-linked inheritance
- cloning, nuclear transplant
- genetically modified organisms
- Mendel’s Laws
o Law of dominance
o Law of segregation
o Law of independent assortment
- linked genes, Chromosome mapping, recombination, crossing over
- probability
- Hardy-Weinberg equation
Unit 4 – “Evolution” Unit Review
Chapter 10 – Principles of Evolution - all
Chapter 11 – the Evolution of Populations - all
Key Concepts:
- evolution, species
- fossils
- catastrophism, gradualism, uniformitarianism
- variation, adaptation
- artificial selection, heritability, natural selection
- population
- fitness
- biogeography
- homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures
- paleontology
- gene pool, allele frequency
- normal distribution
- microevolution
- directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection
- gene flow, genetic drift
- bottleneck effect, founder effect
- sexual selection
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- reproductive isolation
- speciation
- behavioral isolation, geographic isolation, temporal isolation
- convergent evolution, divergent evolution
- coevolution
- extinction
- punctuated equilibrium
- adaptive radiation
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