Biology 3 Chapter 8 & 9 Objectives

A.P. Biology Objectives –Unit 5, Heredity(Chapters 14, 15)

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CHAPTER 14(Suggested review: p. 284-285 #3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23)

Section 14.1 – p. 262-269. CC p. 269

1.Describe the general design of Mendel's experiments. Use the designations P1, F1 and F2 properly.

2.Give characteristic results for sample Mendelian crosses and interpret those results.

3.State the Law of Dominance and explain how it is derived from experimental results.

4.State the Law of Segregation and explain how it is derived from experimental results.

5.Correctly use the terms phenotype, genotype,gene and allele.

6.Correctly use the terms homozygous, heterozygous, and hemizygous. Use the proper designations for each. Relate each to the phenotype it would express.

7.Given sample genetic crosses, determine the probable result.

8.Given sample results, predict the type of cross that produced them.

9.Explain how a dihybrid cross would be used to determine whether genes are linked or unlinked.

10.State Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.

Section 14.2- p. 269-271CC p. 271

11.Use the sum law and product law of probability to solve complex heredity problems

Section 14.3 – p. 271-275CC p. 275

12.Recognize the variation in results that would be expected from traits controlled by patterns other than simple Mendelian inheritance. Note especially: Multiple allelles, Epistasis, Continuous Variation, Polygenic inheritance, and Incomplete dominance.

Section 14.4 – p.275-281CC p 281

13.Use pedigrees to evaluate patterns of inheritance for human hereditary conditions

14.Discuss the symptoms and pattern of inheritance for human hereditary disorders

15.Discuss methods of screening and testing for genetic disorders

CHAPTER 15(Suggested Review p. 303-304 #1-11 skip #9

Section 15.1- p. 286-289CC p.289

16.Relate the concepts of linkage and independent assortment to modern chromosome theory.

Section 15.2 – p. 289-292CC p. 292

17.Determine the gender of an individual by examination of a chromosome karyotype.

18.Explain the concept of sex linkage.

Section 15.3 – p.292-297CC p. 297

19.Explain how crossing over is related to genetic recombination. Interpret results of dihybrid crosses, distinguishing crossing over from independent assortment.

20.Discuss how a genetic map would be constructed.

Section 15.4 – p.297-300CC p. 300

21.Recognize characteristic changes in chromosome number (monosomy, trisomy) and structure (duplication, inversion, transolcation, deletion). Explain how they occur, what might result, and give some common examples.

AP Biology – Heredity and Genetics EssaysNameHr

Answers must be in essay form. Outline form is NOT acceptable. Labeled diagrams may be used to supplement discussion, but in no case will a diagram alone suffice. It is important that you read each question completely before you begin to write.

1993

Assume that a particular genetic condition in a mammalian species causes an inability to digest starch. This disorder occurs with equal frequency in males and females. In most cases, neither parent of affected offspring has the condition.

a.describe the most probable pattern of inheritance for this condition. Explain your reasoning. Include in your discussion a sample cross(es) sufficient to verify your proposed pattern

b.Explain how mutation could cause this inability to digest starch

c.Describe how modern techniques of molecular biology could be used to determine whether the mutant allele is present in a given individual.

2003

In fruit flies, the phenotype for eye color is determined by a certain locus. E indicates the dominant allele and e indicates the recessive allele. The cross between a male wild-type fruit fly and a female white-eyed fruit fly produced the following offspring:

Wild-typeWild-typeWhite-eyedWhite-eyedBrown-eyed

male female male femalefemale

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The wild-type and white eyed individuals from the F1 generation were then crossed to produce the following offspring:

Wild-typeWild-typeWhite-eyedWhite-eyedBrown-eyed

male female male femalefemale

F2233122240

a.Determine the genotypes of the original parents (P generation) and explain your reasoning. You may use Punnett squares to enhance your description, but the results from the Punnett squares must be discussed in your answer.

b.Use a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data to analyze your prediction of the parental genotypes. Show all your work and explain the importance of your final answer.

c.The brown-eyed female in the F1 generation resulted from a mutational change. Explain what a mutation is, and discuss two types of mutations that might have produced the brown-eyed female in the F1 generation

Critical Values of the Chi-Squared Distribution

The formula for Chi-squared is

Where:o = observed number of individuals

e = expected number of individuals

 = the sum of the values (in this case, the differences, squared, divided by the number expected)