Biology 2121 – Chapter 7 – Skeletal System
What to Study for Chapter 7
(1). You are responsible for any bone you previously studied in the laboratory part of the course:
(A). Be able to identify the bone
(B). Answer questions about a bone
· Classify as long, short, flat, irregular
· Part of the appendicular or axial skeleton
· Given a description or function
(2). Complete the guided independent study below.
I. The Axial Skeleton
Occipital Bone(1). The nuchal lines anchor ______and ______muscles.
(2). What is the function of the ligamentum nuchae? ______
(3). You can feel this knob-like bulge on the posterior part of your skull. ______
Temporal Bone
(1). Where does sound enter the ear? ______(2). The ______process is an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles.
(2). What is the function of the mastoid process? ______
(3). Which opening in this part of the skull serves as a passageway for cranial nerve VII? ______. This is also referred to as the ______nerve.
(4). What is the function of the jugular foramen? ______
(5). What is the function of the carotid canal? ______
(6). Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus? ______. What is the name of cranial nerve VIII? ______
(7). The ______fossa supports the temporal lobes of the brain. The ______bone and the ______part of the temporal bone constructs this fossa.
Sphenoid Bone
(1). Why is the sphenoid referred to as the ‘keystone’ bone of the skull? ______
(2). What is the function of the Sella Turcica? ______
(3). The ______provides an anchoring site for securing the brain in the skull.
(4). The ______process anchors the pterygoid muscles which function in ______.
(5). Which cranial nerve number ______passes through the optic canal. Cranial nerves numbers ______pass through the ______fissure. Each of these nerves plays a part in controlling ______movement. The foramen ______allows for the passage of cranial nerve V which allows the ______and ______nerves to reach the face.
Ethmoid Bone
(1). The ethmoid bone lies between the ______and ______bones.
(2). The ______plates contain tiny openings or holes called ______foramina. What do these tiny holes allow for?
(3). The term refers to the sense of ______.
(4). Sitting on top of the cribiform plate is the ______. The dura mater of the ______attaches to this part of the crista galli. What is dura mater? ______
(5). The ______plate of the ethmoid bone and the ______bone form the nasal septum.
Facial Bones – Mandible
(1). Name the bones or structures of the TMJ joint: ______
(2). What is the function of the alveolar margins? ______
(3). The ______allow for the passage of nerves that serve the teeth and lower jaw. The ______allow for blood vessels and nerves to pass to the skin of the chin.
Facial Bones – Maxillary Bones
(1). What is the function of the incisive fossa? ______
(2). What is the function of the inferior orbital fissure? ______
Lacrimal Bone
(1). The lacrimal bones contain a ______from which tears drain.
Palatine Bones
(1). These bones are made of two plates the ______and ______plates. The ______plates make up the posterior portion of the hard palate of the mouth. The ______plates help form part of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of the orbits.
Conchae
(1). There are ______conchae, ______in the ethmoid bones and ______, the inferior conchae in the nasal cavity.
(2). What are the conchae covered with? ______. Which are the largest of the three? ______. As air enters the nose what do they do? ______
Orbits
(1). The eyes are set into the orbits. The walls of each orbit are formed by parts of ______bones. These bones are ______. They contain ______tissue which allows the eyes to be cushioned.
Nasal Cavity
(1). What type of cartilage is the nasal cavity made of? ______What forms the roof? ______
(2). The lateral walls are formed by the ______
(3). The floor is formed by the ______.
(4). The cavity is divided into right and left halves by the ______.
Hyoid Bone
(1). This is the only bone in the body that does not ______.
(2). It acts as a moveable base for the ______and the ______are attachment sites for muscles of the ______, raise and lower the ______during swallowing and speech.
Vertebrae and the Vertebral Column
(1). This column consists of ______bones.
(2). How many of these bones fuse? ______These fused bones form the ______and ______.
(3). There are ______cervical, ______thoracic and ______lumbar vertebrae.
(4). Which vertebrae curve in a concave posterior manner? ______Convex posteriorly? ______
(5). Distinguish between scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis.
(6). Which are the major supporting ligaments of the vertebrae? ______
(7). Which prevents hyperextension of the spine? ______Which prevents hyperflexion? ______
(8). What is the function of the ligamentum flavum? ______What is it made of? ______
(9). The disc of the vertebrae is made up of an inner ______and outer ______.
(10). Which is more of a liquid? ______These disc are made up of ______connective tissue.
(11). Describe what happens when a disc slips. ______
Structure of a Vertebrae
(1). For each of the following processes, state its function:
· Spinous and transverse –
· Articular -
(2). The ______foramina allow for the ______nerves to pass.
Comparison of Vertebrae – Study table 7.2
Sacrum
(1). Which part of the sacrum and ox coxae form the sacroiliac joint? ______
Thoracic Cage - Sternum
(1). The superior part of the sternum is called the ______. Which part articulates with the clavicles? ______. The most inferior part is called the ______and serves to attach to ______muscles.
(2). The ______notch is the point where the left common carotid artery comes out of the aorta.
(3). What articulates at the sterna angle? ______
Ribs
(1). Distinguish between the true and false ribs.
(2). There are ______pairs of true ribs, ______pairs of false ribs and _____pairs of floating ribs.
(3). They are called floating ribs because ______