Biology 10 – Study Guide for Lab Practical Exam #1
The first lab exam will consist of questions about materials you have worked with during Labs 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, and 16 in the Lab Manual. During the exam, you will move from station to station around the room and answer questions pertaining to the displays at each station. The exam will have 50 fill-in the-blank questions. I will supply the answer sheets. You will need a number 2 pencil and eraser. To prepare for the exam, use this study guide and your completed lab exercises. Be sure you understand the bold print terms, as well as the questions and answers in each exercise.
Lab Exercise 1: Metric Measurement & Microscope
- Be able to identify the parts of a compound microscope and their functions.
- Know the proper care, storage, and use of the microscope.
- Know how to determine a microscope’s total magnification.
- Explain how changing the microscope magnification changes the field of view, depth of field, and amount of light that passes through the lenses.
- Demonstrate how a wet mount microscope slide is prepared.
- Why do some specimens require stain during slide preparation? What stains did we use to prepare our own slides?
- What substance is used to slow moving microscopic organisms on a slide?
- Demonstrate knowledge of metric system units, and how to convert metric units.
Lab Exercise 3: Chemical Composition of Cells
- What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins? What type of bond joins the monomers together to form polypeptides? How did we test for the presence of proteins? What constituted a positive and a negative result? (colors)
- What are the monomers of polysaccharides? What 2 types of carbohydrates did we test for in the lab? How did we test for the presence of the carbohydrates? What constituted positive and negative results? (colors)
- What is amylase? What does it do?
- What are the monomers of lipids? How did we test for the presence of lipids? What constituted a positive and a negative result?
- What does an emulsifier do?
- Know what materials were used to test for starch, protein, and glucose, as well as what constituted positive and negative test results.
Lab Exercise 4: Cell Structure & Function
- Be able to identify the parts of a eukaryotic cell, and their functions, on plant and animal cell models, microscope slides, and diagrams (e.g., Table 4.1, Figs. 4.3, 4.4, & 4.5).
- Explain diffusion and osmosis, and how they relate to movement across selectively permeable cell membranes. Why did some substances move across the dialysis membranes in our experiments, but other substances did not move?
- What is meant by hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions? What happens to plant and animal cells placed in each of these solutions?
Lab Exercise 5: Mitosis, Meiosis, and Life Cycles
- Be able to identify the stages of mitosis using models, as well microscope slides of the whitefish blastula and onion cells.
- Know the main events that occur in each stage of mitosis and interphase.
- Be able to identify the stages of meiosis using a model, pipe cleaner “chromosomes,” or diagram, such as Fig. 5.12.
- Know the main events that occur in each stage of meiosis (especially regarding the homologous chromosomes and chromatids)
- Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. How are they similar? In what important ways do they differ? What is each type of cell division process used for?
- Compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis. In what organ are ova formed? In what organ are sperm formed?
Lab Exercises 11 & 12 – Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (see lab handout)
- Know the overall chemical equations for cell respiration and photosynthesis.
- Why did the green part of the Coleus leaf turn darker than the white part when treated with iodine? (What substance was present in the green part?) Why was the substance there?
- What product caused the phenol red to turn yellow after blowing into it?
- Why did the Elodea in NaHCO3 produce more oxygen bubbles than the one placed in water?
- What plant pigments were seen in the paper chromatography experiment?
- What gas was generated by the yeast placed in the warm sucrose solution?
- Why was little or no gas produced by yeast placed in water, protein, acidic sucrose, a lower concentration of sucrose, and the refrigerated sucrose solutions?
- What product other than the gas was produced by the yeast in the sucrose solution? What is this process called? Does it require oxygen?
- What gas did the peas produce to change the color of the phenol red to yellow? What process was taking place in the peas to produce the gas?
Lab Exercise 16 – Genetics
- What are homologous chromosomes and their alleles? What happens to them in meiosis during gamete formation?
- Know what is meant by homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive.
- Know what is meant by genotype and phenotype, and how to use a Punnett square to determine the ratios and percentages of each in given genetics problems.
- Be able to solve genetics problems involving simple (complete) dominance, codominance (i.e, blood type), incomplete dominance, single-trait crosses, and two-trait crosses.
- Be able to analyze pedigree charts for genetic traits that are passed from parents to their offspring from generation to generation.