MT Exam 1 Practice
Ch 1 – Ch 9 / Session:
Section:
Class Location:
Days / Time: Instructor: / Spring 2011
51569 3 Units
NVC838
W 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM
RIDDELL
Chapter 1: Environmental Science and Sustainability
1. / The sun's energy provides earth with:A) / fossil fuels
B) / energy-rich carbon compounds
C) / patterns of temperature and precipitation
D) / liquid water
E) / all of these
2. / As the 21st century began, the global human population reached _____ billion.
A) / 3
B) / 5
C) / 6
D) / 8
E) / 11
3. / The interdisciplinary study of issues involving human population, Earth's natural resources, and environmental pollution is termed:
A) / ecology
B) / sociology
C) / political science
D) / risk analysis
E) / environmental science
4. / Highly developed countries are characterized by:
A) / high rates of population growth
B) / high per capita incomes
C) / simple agricultural bases
D) / 50% of the world's population
E) / Thailand, Mexico and South Africa
5. / The ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations is termed:
A) / ecology
B) / environmental sustainability
C) / natural balance
D) / synergism
E) / environmental science
6. / In solving environmental problems, a risk analysis is usually performed:
A) / to provide public awareness and endorsement
B) / to monitor the initial assessment and modeling of the problem
C) / to solicit public opinion about how evidence should be interpreted when selection a course of action
D) / to analyze the potential effect of an intervention or doing nothing
E) / a risk analysis is not necessary in resolving environmental problems
7. / Examples of non-sustainable human activities or behaviors include:
A) / recycling
B) / attempts to limit human population growth
C) / using technology to improve car mileage
D) / use of nonrenewable resources as if they were present in unlimited quantities
E) / conservation practices
8. / The difference(s) between highly developed countries and developing countries include:
A) / income levels
B) / industrialization levels
C) / fertility rates
D) / infant mortality
E) / all of these
9. / In 1950, the largest city in the world, with 12.3 million inhabitants, was __(1)___. By 2005 city (1) was surpassed by ______(2)_____ as the largest city in the world with almost 27 million inhabitants.
A) / (1) Bombay, India; (2) Mexico City, Mexico
B) / (1) Madrid, Spain; (2) Calcutta, India
C) / (1) New York City, United States; (2) Tokyo, Japan
D) / (1) Shanghai, P.R. China; (2) Bombay, India
E) / (1) London, England; (2) New York City, United States
10. / Poverty is associated with all of the following except:
A) / low life expectancy
B) / illiteracy
C) / inadequate access to health services
D) / balanced nutrition
E) / unsafe drinking water
11. / What activity/activities contribute(s) to making the human species the most significant agent of environmental change on Earth?
A) / continued population growth
B) / consuming non-renewable resources
C) / eradicating unique species
D) / ignoring the environment
E) / all of these
12. / The unifying problem of environmental science is:
A) / the overconsumption of fossil fuels
B) / the pollution of the environment
C) / the consumption of fresh water
D) / human population is continually increasing
E) / the depletion of needed resources
13. / What is a benefit to having a green roof?
A) / insulation
B) / filters pollutants out of rainwater
C) / reduces storm water draining
D) / wildlife habitat
E) / all of these
14. / People overpopulation is a situation:
A) / that occurs when each individual in a population consumes too large a share of resources
B) / resulting from the consumption-oriented lifestyles of people in highly developed countries
C) / in which there are too many people in a given geographical area
D) / in which the level of demand on resources is greater than the number of people in that geographic area
E) / that will occur in the future but is currently not a problem
15. / If we could immediately stop all use of fossil fuels, what would be the result?
A) / the earth's climate would begin to cool immediately
B) / the earth's climate would continue to warm for the next 10 years
C) / current patterns of climate change would continue
D) / the earth's climate would begin to cool after 100 years
E) / the earth's climate would begin to cool after one year
16. / The IPAT model can be used to calculate which of the following?
A) / urbanization
B) / people overpopulation
C) / industrialization
D) / international fertility rates
E) / human impact on the environment
17. / Highly developed nations represent less than ____(1)_____ of the world's population, yet they consume significantly more then _____(2)______of its resources.
A) / 5%; 85%
B) / 10%; 60%
C) / 15%; 75%
D) / 20%; 50%
E) / 25%; 45%
18. / A warmer atmosphere is likely to cause:
A) / increased melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets
B) / a greater amount of sunlight absorbed by land
C) / negative feedback between melting of ice sheets and atmospheric temperature
D) / all of these
E) / both increased melting of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, and a greater amount of sunlight absorbed by land
19. / Which of the following stages comes last in addressing environmental problems?
A) / risk analysis
B) / political action
C) / evaluation
D) / scientific assessment
E) / public education and involvement
20. / Inductive reasoning begins with:
A) / generalities and draws conclusions on the basis of similarities to a general rule
B) / political action to convince others of specific conclusions
C) / public education applied in a democratic manner
D) / a statement of hypothesis
E) / specific examples and seeks to draw a conclusion or discover a unifying rule on the basis of those examples
21. / In the scientific method, a hypothesis:
A) / is a statement of fact
B) / makes a prediction that can be tested
C) / is usually proven to be correct
D) / can only be tested once
E) / all of these
22. / Reasoning that uses specific cases or examples to draw a general conclusion or discover a general principle is:
A) / deductive reasoning
B) / inductive reasoning
C) / hypothesizing
D) / rationalizing
E) / assessing
23. / Deductive reasoning:
A) / is not particularly useful within the field of science
B) / produces conclusions that are true
C) / provides new insight into possible relationships between data that already exist
D) / reveals general principles from careful examination of specific cases
E) / is used in experimental design to identify the appropriate variables
24. / Theories:
A) / cannot be tested
B) / are the same as hypotheses
C) / can be used to predict new data and suggest new relationships among a range of natural phenomena
D) / are the same as facts
E) / are rarely shown to be true
25. / An integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses is known as a:
A) / fact
B) / law
C) / control
D) / theory
E) / guess
26. / Which of the following factors indicated that Lake Washington was becoming richer in dissolved nutrients:
A) / the presence of certain types of fish
B) / the absence of certain types of fish
C) / the presence of certain species of worms
D) / the presence of certain type of bacteria
E) / satellite imaging of the lake
27. / Pollution in Lake Washington resulted from:
A) / excessive treated sewage input from the surrounding municipal development
B) / a population explosion of resident freshwater fishes
C) / excessive boat traffic
D) / large bird populations inhabiting the waters of the lake
E) / an oil tanker spill of home heating oil
28. / Which of the following was not a consequence of the pollution of Lake Washington?
A) / increase in phosphorus concentrations
B) / rapid growth of cyanobacterial populations
C) / increase in fish populations
D) / decomposition of dead cyanobacteria
E) / drop in dissolved oxygen concentration
29. / Which of the following statements about nutrients is false?
A) / Nutrient chemistry is the same in both freshwater and marine systems.
B) / Low levels of nutrients are desirable in freshwater lakes.
C) / Both nitrogen and phosphorous are nutrients present in treated sewage.
D) / Nutrients from sewage will have less impact on a larger body of water.
E) / Nutrients affect growth of photosynthetic bacteria and algae in Puget Sound less than in Lake Washington.
30. / Which of the following was critical to the successful reversal of pollution trends in Lake Washington?
A) / construction of a sewer to divert treated sewage from the lake
B) / approval of a bill transferring responsibility for sewage to a regional government agency
C) / increase in taxes to construct sewage facilities
D) / environmental monitoring
E) / all of these
31. / "The Tragedy of the Commons" refers to:
A) / an environmental theory promoting public ownership of lands and resources
B) / an economic theory promoting private ownership of lands and resources
C) / an analogy describing the conflict between individual interest and management of shared resources
D) / events impacting the common people, particularly farmers, of developing countries
E) / environmental problems generated by farming practices
32. / Which of the following is a true statement regarding ecological footprints?
A) / The ecological footprint of a single individual in the U.S. is greater than that of ten individuals in India
B) / The ecological footprint of a single individual in the U.S.is 1.5 times that of an individual in France
C) / India's total global footprint is greater than that of the France
D) / If all people on earth had the same lifestyle as those in the U.S., we would need 3 more earth's to meet the demand for resources
E) / The ecological footprint of a single individual in the U.S. is greater than that of ten individuals in India, and India's total global footprint is greater than that of the France are both true
33. / In order for a country to progress from a less developed country (LDC) to a moderately developed country (MDC), the country would have to:
A) / increase rate of population growth
B) / move from industry to agricultural economy base
C) / raise the per-capita income
D) / maintain limited crop dependence
E) / all of these
34. / Non-renewable resource is to renewable resource as;
A) / living is to non-living
B) / limited supply is to sustainable supply
C) / tree is to coal
D) / wind energy is to fossil fuel energy
E) / conservation is to overexploitation
35. / In order to estimate human impact on the environment we can:
A) / multiply the number of people times affluence per person times resources needed and wastes produced
I=P x A x T
B) / multiply resource depletion times number of years divided by number of people
I = R x Y P
C) / multiply birth rate times consumption patterns divided by available resources
I= B x C R
D) / Divide number of people by resources needed and wastes produced
I = P T
E) / None of these; the human impact cannot be measured
36. / In addressing environmental problems, several stages can be followed. For example, when it was discovered that the rat population on the island of Pumehana was out of control, scientists assessed the problem and formulated a model that suggested if a rat predator is introduced, then the rat population will be significantly decreased. The next step in addressing this environmental problem might be:
A) / action. Scientists sprinkle rat poison throughout the island. Several residents die.
B) / public education and involvement. Hold town meetings to inform island residents the costs of rat predator introduction, a rat sterilization program, rat bounty program, or no intervention.
C) / political action. A rat-infested island does not lure tourists so something MUST be done.
D) / risk analysis. If a mongoose is introduced to control the rat, what are the possible effects of this intervention?
E) / evaluation. After the release of the initial mongoose population, it is discovered that the mongoose is NOT a rat predator.
37. / All of the following external factors contribute to the suitability of life on Earth except:
A) / soil
B) / fresh water
C) / atmospheric gases
D) / moderate sunlight
E) / general weather patterns
38. / The Ehrlich/Holdren model assesses human impact on the environment based on all of the following factors except:
A) / the number of people
B) / the affluence per person
C) / the amount of resources used per person
D) / urbanization
E) / the environmental effects of the technologies used to obtain and consume the resources
39. / What is the correct sequence of steps in the scientific method?
I. State the problem
II. Analyze and interpret the data
III. Develop a hypothesis
IV. Share the results with other scientists
V. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis
A) / I- II – III – IV - V
B) / III – I – V – II - IV
C) / I – III – V – II - IV
D) / V – IV- III – II - I
E) / V – II – I – III - IV
40. / You are given a set of magnets and a variety of metal objects (nail, paperclip, iron filings, copper ring). You test the magnet with all objects and make observations. At the conclusion of your specific observations, you determine the general properties of magnetism. What is your thinking process?
A) / deductive reasoning
B) / inductive reasoning
C) / data intensive reasoning
D) / assessment logic
E) / hypothesis formation
41. / In a positive feedback mechanism:
A) / a change in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changing condition
B) / a change in some condition triggers a response that neutralizes the changing condition
C) / a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition
D) / all of these
E) / none of these
42. / To test a hypothesis about a given variable, experimental and control groups are tested in parallel. Which of the following best explains the dual experiments?
A) / In the experimental group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the control group, that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made.
B) / In the control group, a chosen variable is altered in a known way. In the experimental group that chosen variable is not altered so a comparison can be made.
C) / In the experimental group, a chosen variable plus all other variables are altered. In the control group, the chosen variable is altered however all other variables are held constant.
D) / In the experimental and control groups two different variables are altered.
E) / Experimental and control group experiments are identical and run in parallel to get repeatable results.
43. / Which of the following represents an idea associated with environmental sustainability?
A) / the capacity of the environment to absorb toxins is unlimited
B) / the human population continues to decrease
C) / we are using fossil fuels as if they were present in limited supply
D) / the Earth's resources are not present in infinite supply
E) / none of these
44. / All of the following can be considered definitions of “theory” except:
A) / a theory is an explanation of scientific laws
B) / a theory is an integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses, each supported by a large body of observations and experiments
C) / a theory is a condensation and simplification of many data that previously appeared unrelated
D) / a theory is a prediction for new data suggesting new relationships among a range of natural phenomena
E) / a theory is an ethical principle based on a religious foundation
Answer Key Ch 1
1. / E2. / C
3. / E
4. / B
5. / B
6. / D
7. / D
8. / E
9. / C
10. / D
11. / E
12. / D
13. / E
14. / C
15. / B
16. / E
17. / D
18. / E
19. / C
20. / E
21. / B
22. / B
23. / C
24. / C
25. / D
26. / D
27. / A
28. / C
29. / A
30. / E
31. / C
32. / A
33. / C
34. / B
35. / A
36. / D
37. / E
38. / D
39. / C
40. / B
41. / C
42. / A
43. / D
44. / E
Chapter 2: Environmental Laws, Economics, and Ethics
1. / Provisions of the Endangered Species Act:A) / require the timber industry to reforest in areas of logging
B) / grant the President authority to establish National Parks for endangered species
C) / provide a spending limit by the federal government in protecting endangered species
D) / require the government to protect the habitat of endangered species so that their numbers increase
E) / specify incentive-based regulation for endangered species
2. / In 2000, “Clean Energy Now!” was the theme for:
A) / Stegner's Wilderness Essay
B) / Earth Day
C) / The American Dust Bowl
D) / Sierra Club
E) / John Audubon's paintings
3. / Whose work heightened public awareness and concern about the use of pesticides and ultimately led to restriction on the use of certain pesticides?
A) / George Perkins Marsh
B) / Henry David Thoreau
C) / Paul Ehrlich
D) / John Muir
E) / Rachel Carson
4. / Which U.S. president was most responsible for setting aside national forests in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
A) / Grover Cleveland
B) / Benjamin Harrison
C) / Abraham Lincoln
D) / Herbert Hoover
E) / Theodore Roosevelt
5. / Who was the first head of the U.S. Forest Service?
A) / Gifford Pinchot
B) / George Perkins Marsh
C) / John Muir
D) / Aldo Leopold
E) / Wallace Stegner
6. / Which naturalist was the founder of the Sierra Club and the force behind the establishment of Yosemite and Sequoia national parks?
A) / Aldo Leopold
B) / Henry David Thoreau
C) / John James Audubon
D) / John Muir
E) / Theodore Roosevelt
7. / The world's first national park was established in what year?
A) / 1780
B) / 1865
C) / 1872
D) / 1890
E) / 1906
8. / All of the following were authors whose writings influenced the environmental movement except:
A) / Rachel Carson
B) / John James Audubon
C) / Aldo Leopold
D) / Wallace Stegner
E) / George Perkins Marsh
9. / The legislation that authorizes the President of the United States to set aside national monuments is the:
A) / Antiquities Act
B) / National Parks and Forest Act
C) / National Monuments Act
D) / Wilderness Act
E) / Endangered Species Act
10. / Earth Day:
A) / is celebrated exclusively in the U.S
B) / was initiated by the U.S. Senate in 1970
C) / has gained support for the environment within one or two major religions
D) / is largely a government-sponsored event
E) / focuses on what individuals can do to protect the environment
11. / An environmental impact statement must include:
A) / an ethical analysis of the proposed action
B) / short- and long-term effects and any adverse environmental effects
C) / solutions to any potentially adverse environmental effects
D) / documentation of the financial cost-benefit analysis of the proposed action
E) / a description of the solution to any associated environmental controversy
12. / The National Environmental Policy Act:
A) / mandates development of an Environmental Impact Statement at the end of any project using federal funds
B) / provided for the establishment of the Court on Environmental Quality to enforce U.S. environmental law
C) / requires the evaluation of federal highway construction and military projects
D) / requires documentation of the financial impact of all projects with potential environmental impact
E) / was signed into law in 1965
13. / Environmental impact statements (EISs):
A) / must be made available to the public
B) / only address potential impact on endangered or threatened species
C) / only need to project impact out to two years following the completion of the project
D) / only affect the 20% of lands owned by the federal government
E) / are not required for any state-funded projects
14. / Which of the following is not included in an environmental impact statement (EIS)?
A) / nature of the proposal
B) / short- and long-term effects of the proposal
C) / why the proposal is needed
D) / alternatives to the proposed course of action
E) / guarantees that no species or habitat will be negatively impacted by the proposal
15. / Which of the following is a positive outcome from environmental legislation since 1970?
A) / The California Gray Whale has been removed from the endangered species list
B) / 23 national parks have been established
C) / soil erosion has been reduced by nearly 60%
D) / the Bald Eagle has been removed from the endangered species list
E) / all of these
16. / The study of how people use their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited wants is termed
A) / business analyses
B) / model testing
C) / hypotheses development
D) / economics
E) / resource management
17. / In the field of economics, the additional cost associated with one more unit of something is called a(n)
A) / marginal cost
B) / external cost
C) / direct cost
D) / fringe cost
E) / total product cost
18. / When consumption or production of a product has a harmful side effect that is borne by people not directly involved in the market exchange for that product, the side effect is called a(n):